scholarly journals Key Components of Human Myofibre Denervation and Neuromuscular Junction Stability are Modulated by Age and Exercise

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casper Soendenbroe ◽  
Cecilie J. L. Bechshøft ◽  
Mette F. Heisterberg ◽  
Simon M. Jensen ◽  
Emma Bomme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Culture ◽  
Neuromuscular Junction ◽  
Molecular Targets ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Elderly Individuals ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
And Function

The decline in muscle mass and function with age is partly caused by a loss of muscle fibres through denervation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of exercise to influence molecular targets involved in neuromuscular junction (NMJ) stability in healthy elderly individuals. Participants from two studies (one group of 12 young and 12 elderly females and another group of 25 elderly males) performed a unilateral bout of resistance exercise. Muscle biopsies were collected at 4.5 h and up to 7 days post exercise for tissue analysis and cell culture. Molecular targets related to denervation and NMJ stability were analysed by immunohistochemistry and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. In addition to a greater presence of denervated fibres, the muscle samples and cultured myotubes from the elderly individuals displayed altered gene expression levels of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subunits. A single bout of exercise induced general changes in AChR subunit gene expression within the biopsy sampling timeframe, suggesting a sustained plasticity of the NMJ in elderly individuals. These data support the role of exercise in maintaining NMJ stability, even in elderly inactive individuals. Furthermore, the cell culture findings suggest that the transcriptional capacity of satellite cells for AChR subunit genes is negatively affected by ageing.

Resistance training, insulin sensitivity and muscle function in the elderly

2006 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 75-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flemming Dela ◽  
Michael Kjaer
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Elderly Individuals ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Improved Function ◽  
Improve Muscle Strength

Ageing is associated with a loss in both muscle mass and in the metabolic quality of skeletal muscle. This leads to sarcopenia and reduced daily function, as well as to an increased risk for development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. A major part, but not all, of these changes are associated with an age-related decrease in the physical activity level and can be counteracted by increased physical activity of a resistive nature. Strength training has been shown to improve insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in both healthy elderly individuals and patients with manifest diabetes, and likewise to improve muscle strength in both elderly healthy individuals and in elderly individuals with chronic disease. The increased strength is coupled to improved function and a decreased risk for fall injuries and fractures. Elderly individuals have preserved the capacity to improve muscle strength and mass with training, but seem to display a reduced sensitivity towards stimulating protein synthesis from nutritional intake, rather than by any reduced response in protein turnover to exercise.

Centromere identity and function put to use: construction and transfer of mammalian artificial chromosomes to animal models

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-192
Author(s):  
Ye Yang ◽  
Michael A. Lampson ◽  
Ben E. Black
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Culture ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Synthetic Biology ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Expression Vectors ◽  
Artificial Chromosomes ◽  
Conventional Expression ◽  
And Function

Abstract Mammalian artificial chromosomes (MACs) are widely used as gene expression vectors and have various advantages over conventional expression vectors. We review and discuss breakthroughs in MAC construction, initiation of functional centromeres allowing their faithful inheritance, and transfer from cell culture to animal model systems. These advances have contributed to advancements in synthetic biology, biomedical research, and applications in industry and in the clinic.

Myelodysplastic Syndromes – Just a Matter of Age?

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Carolien M Woolthuis ◽  
Christopher Y Park ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Myelodysplastic Syndromes ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Hematopoietic System ◽  
Elderly Individuals ◽  
Healthy Elderly

The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are primarily a disease of the elderly, but it is unclear whether aging itself is an independent contributor to the pathophysiology of these disorders. While the normal aged hematopoietic system and MDS share many features compared to young hematopoiesis, they also exhibit important differences. With the demonstration that mutations present in MDS can also be identified in healthy elderly individuals, it will be important to elucidate the differences and interactions between normal hematopoietic aging and MDS.

scholarly journals Comparative study of the effects of two programs of physical exercises in flexibility and balance of healthy elderly individuals with and without major depression

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Varkala Lanuez ◽  
Wilson Jacob-Filho ◽  
Mariana Varkala Lanuez ◽  
Ana Cláudia Becattini de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Elderly Individuals ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Physical Exercises ◽  
Balance Exercises

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess flexibility and balance in healthy elderly subjects with or without major depression, by means of two different programs: aerobic exercises and flexibility and balance exercises. Methods: A randomized, double-blind controlled study in which each sample was the control of itself. Research subjects were 19 healthy elderly individuals, aged between 60 and 90 years, of both genders, referred to the Department of Geriatrics of the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, with or without the diagnosis of major depression, and sedentary or that had not engaged in physical activity for at least 6 months. Results: Subjects with major depression, as well as those without depression, showed signifcant improvement in flexibility and balance, especially in the group that did aerobic exercises. Conclusion: The results of this investigation reinforce the relevance of physical exercises for the elderly with major depression, as this is an important tool for treating and following-up this group of patients.

scholarly journals Swallowing difficulties among healthy elderly: prevalence and aetiology

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fathima Abdul Khader ◽  
Gangadhara Somayaji K. S. ◽  
Mubeena .
Keyword(s):  
The Elderly ◽  
Swallowing Disorders ◽  
Barium Swallow ◽  
Elderly Individuals ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Swallowing Evaluation ◽  
Swallowing Difficulties ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Underlying Pathology

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Dysphagia is a common problem among elderly individuals. Very few studies have been done to know the prevalence of dysphagia among healthy elderly individuals. So a study was done to assess the prevalence of swallowing difficulties among healthy elderly individuals and to find out the various causes for it in them. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">259 elderly individuals were screened using the swallowing disturbance questionnaire to assess the prevalence of swallowing disorders. Those individuals with swallowing disorders were further subjected to modified Barium swallow to know the aetiology.  </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Of the 259 elderly individuals screened, 85 were females and 174 were males. The mean age and standard deviation was 66.16±6.233. The prevalence of swallowing difficulties was 20.1%, with no significant difference in the gender wise distribution or age wise distribution. Among the various aetiologies diagnosed, idiopathic cause is the commonest, followed by oesophageal neoplasm (21.1%), and then the achalasia cardia (9.6%). Among oesophageal neoplasm, mid-thoracic esophageal neoplasm (9.6%) is the commonest. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Considering the time and cost involved, it is not feasible to subject all elderly for instrumental swallowing evaluation like videofluoroscopy. Hence it would be beneficial to screen the elderly individuals for dysphagia and educate them regarding its importance, as dysphagia can also be associated with serious underlying pathology and complications such as aspiration.</span></p><p class="abstract"> </p>

scholarly journals A Modular Mathematical Model of Exercise-Induced Changes in Metabolism, Signaling, and Gene Expression in Human Skeletal Muscle

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10353
Author(s):  
Ilya R. Akberdin ◽  
Ilya N. Kiselev ◽  
Sergey S. Pintus ◽  
Ruslan N. Sharipov ◽  
Alexander Yu Vertyshev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Human Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Modular Modeling ◽  
Systematic Understanding ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Induced Changes

Skeletal muscle is the principal contributor to exercise-induced changes in human metabolism. Strikingly, although it has been demonstrated that a lot of metabolites accumulating in blood and human skeletal muscle during an exercise activate different signaling pathways and induce the expression of many genes in working muscle fibres, the systematic understanding of signaling–metabolic pathway interrelations with downstream genetic regulation in the skeletal muscle is still elusive. Herein, a physiologically based computational model of skeletal muscle comprising energy metabolism, Ca2+, and AMPK (AMP-dependent protein kinase) signaling pathways and the expression regulation of genes with early and delayed responses was developed based on a modular modeling approach and included 171 differential equations and more than 640 parameters. The integrated modular model validated on diverse including original experimental data and different exercise modes provides a comprehensive in silico platform in order to decipher and track cause–effect relationships between metabolic, signaling, and gene expression levels in skeletal muscle.

scholarly journals Skin T cells maintain their diversity and functionality in the elderly

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanako Koguchi-Yoshioka ◽  
Elena Hoffer ◽  
Stanley Cheuk ◽  
Yutaka Matsumura ◽  
Sa Vo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Elderly Individuals ◽  
Cell Diversity ◽  
Circulating T Cells ◽  
Effects Of Aging ◽  
And Function ◽  
Resident Memory T Cells

AbstractRecent studies have highlighted that human resident memory T cells (TRM) are functionally distinct from circulating T cells. Thus, it can be postulated that skin T cells age differently from blood-circulating T cells. We assessed T-cell density, diversity, and function in individuals of various ages to study the immunologic effects of aging on human skin from two different countries. No decline in the density of T cells was noted with advancing age, and the frequency of epidermal CD49a+ CD8 TRM was increased in elderly individuals regardless of ethnicity. T-cell diversity and antipathogen responses were maintained in the skin of elderly individuals but declined in the blood. Our findings demonstrate that in elderly individuals, skin T cells maintain their density, diversity, and protective cytokine production despite the reduced T-cell diversity and function in blood. Skin resident T cells may represent a long-lived, highly protective reservoir of immunity in elderly people.

scholarly journals The role of oxidant-antioxidant markers and resistin in metabolic syndrome elderly individuals

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 003685042110065
Author(s):  
Sylwia Dzięgielewska-Gęsiak ◽  
Karolina Wyszomirska ◽  
Edyta Fatyga ◽  
Ewa Wysocka ◽  
Małgorzata Muc-Wierzgoń
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Elderly Individuals ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Antioxidant Markers

In elderly, hormones and oxidant-antioxidant interplay are suggested to mediate biochemical balance between adipose tissue to other tissues. Thus the study attempts to explore metabolic traits, plasma resistin, and oxidant-antioxidant markers in metabolic syndrome (MetS) in comparison to non-metabolic syndrome (non-MetS) elderly individuals. A total of 541 healthy elderly Caucasians, with no acute and/or chronic disorders were invited. After taking into account inclusion/exclusion criteria’s the MetS was defined as the presence of three out of five abnormal findings and allowed to divided groups into: non-metabolic syndrome, non-MetS ( n = 25, median age 69.0 years), and newly diagnosed MetS ( n = 29; median age 70.5 years) individuals. Glucose, plasma lipids, resistin (Res), thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS), total antioxidant status (TAS), and Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) were measured. The MetS had higher resistin than non-MetS ( p < 0.04). The linear correlation (all at p < 0.05) showed correlation for Res&triacylglycerols ( R = 0.44), and for Res&diastolic blood pressure ( R = −0.58) and for SOD-1&fasting glucose ( R = −0.34) in MetS, while in the non-MetS group fasting glucose correlates with Res ( R = 0.58) and with TAS ( R = −0.43). The multiple regression analysis (alone and in combination) showed that independently from other factors resistin correlated positively with fasting glucose (β = 0.37; R = 0.58; R 2 = 0.23; p < 0.01) in all investigated elderly participants. In the MetS resistin correlated negatively with diastolic blood pressure (β = −0.68; R = 0.80; R 2 = 0.53; p = 0.0004) moreover in that group TAS correlated negatively with HDL-C (β = −0.71; R = 0.72; R 2 = 0.37; p = 0.01). While age correlated negatively with systolic blood pressure (β = −0.60; R = 0.62; R 2 = 0.14; p = 0.03) independently from other factors in the non-MetS group. Various metabolic factors contribute to maintain serum resistin and oxidant-antioxidant balance in the elderly people in the presence or absence of MetS. Resistin may serve as a predictor of MetS in the elderly, while strong antioxidant defense interactions in older individuals may indicate good health.

scholarly journals Classification of Cognitive Ability of Healthy Elderly Individuals Using Resting-State Functional Connectivity Magnetic Resonance Imaging and An Extreme Learning Machine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zekun Yang ◽  
Manling Ge ◽  
Abdelkader Nasreddine Belkacem ◽  
Xiaoxuan Fu ◽  
Qirui Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Elderly Individuals ◽  
Index Model ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Learning Machine

Abstract Purpose Quantitative determination of the correlation between cognitive ability and functional biomarkers in the elderly brain is essential. To identify biomarkers associated with cognitive performance in the elderly, this study combined an index model specific for resting-state functional connectivity (FC) magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI) with a supervised machine learning method. Methods Performance scores on conventional cognitive test batteries and MRI data were obtained for 98 healthy elderly individuals and 90 healthy youth from two public databases. Based on the test scores, the elderly cohort was categorized into two groups: excellent and poor. An fcMRI index model was constructed for each elderly individual to determine the relative differences in FC among brain regions compared with that in the youth cohort. Brain areas sensitive to test scores could then be identified using the fcMRI indexes. To confirm the effectiveness of constructed model, the fcMRI indexes of these brain areas were used as feature matrix inputs for training an extreme learning machine. Classification accuracy was then tested in separate groups and confirmed by N-fold cross-validation. Results This learning study could effectively classify the cognitive status of healthy elderly individuals according to frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and parietal lobe FC values with a mean accuracy of 83.5%, which is substantially higher than that achieved using conventional correlation analysis. Conclusion This fcMRI classification study may facilitate early detection of age-related cognitive decline as well as help reveal the underlying pathological mechanisms.

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