scholarly journals Astrocyte and Oligodendrocyte Cross-Talk in the Central Nervous System

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Nutma ◽  
Démi van Gent ◽  
Sandra Amor ◽  
Laura A. N. Peferoen
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cross Talk ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Cell Contact ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Direct Cell ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health And Disease

Over the last decade knowledge of the role of astrocytes in central nervous system (CNS) neuroinflammatory diseases has changed dramatically. Rather than playing a merely passive role in response to damage it is clear that astrocytes actively maintain CNS homeostasis by influencing pH, ion and water balance, the plasticity of neurotransmitters and synapses, cerebral blood flow, and are important immune cells. During disease astrocytes become reactive and hypertrophic, a response that was long considered to be pathogenic. However, recent studies reveal that astrocytes also have a strong tissue regenerative role. Whilst most astrocyte research focuses on modulating neuronal function and synaptic transmission little is known about the cross-talk between astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the CNS. This communication occurs via direct cell-cell contact as well as via secreted cytokines, chemokines, exosomes, and signalling molecules. Additionally, this cross-talk is important for glial development, triggering disease onset and progression, as well as stimulating regeneration and repair. Its critical role in homeostasis is most evident when this communication fails. Here, we review emerging evidence of astrocyte-oligodendrocyte communication in health and disease. Understanding the pathways involved in this cross-talk will reveal important insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of CNS diseases.

scholarly journals Microparticles: A New Perspective in Central Nervous System Disorders

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie M. Schindler ◽  
Jonathan P. Little ◽  
Andis Klegeris
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Cell Contact ◽  
Direct Cell ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
New Perspective

Microparticles (MPs) are a heterogeneous population of small cell-derived vesicles, ranging in size from 0.1 to 1 μm. They contain a variety of bioactive molecules, including proteins, biolipids, and nucleic acids, which can be transferred between cells without direct cell-to-cell contact. Consequently, MPs represent a novel form of intercellular communication, which could play a role in both physiological and pathological processes. Growing evidence indicates that circulating MPs contribute to the development of cancer, inflammation, and autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases. Most cell types of the central nervous system (CNS) have also been shown to release MPs, which could be important for neurodevelopment, CNS maintenance, and pathologies. In disease, levels of certain MPs appear elevated; therefore, they may serve as biomarkers allowing for the development of new diagnostic tools for detecting the early stages of CNS pathologies. Quantification and characterization of MPs could also provide useful information for making decisions on treatment options and for monitoring success of therapies, particularly for such difficult-to-treat diseases as cerebral malaria, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. Overall, studies on MPs in the CNS represent a novel area of research, which promises to expand the knowledge on the mechanisms governing some of the physiological and pathophysiological processes of the CNS.

Heterogeneity and Proliferative and Differential Regulators of NG2-glia in Physiological and Pathological States

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (37) ◽  
pp. 6384-6406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuo Zhang ◽  
Hongli Zhou ◽  
Jiyin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Pathological State ◽  
Peripheral Neurons ◽  
Neuronal Synapses ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Rapid Modulation

NG2-glia, also called Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells (OPCs), account for approximately 5%-10% of the cells in the developing and adult brain and constitute the fifth major cell population in the central nervous system. NG2-glia express receptors and ion channels involved in rapid modulation of neuronal activities and signaling with neuronal synapses, which have functional significance in both physiological and pathological states. NG2-glia participate in quick signaling with peripheral neurons via direct synaptic touches in the developing and mature central nervous system. These distinctive glia perform the unique function of proliferating and differentiating into oligodendrocytes in the early developing brain, which is critical for axon myelin formation. In response to injury, NG2-glia can proliferate, migrate to the lesions, and differentiate into oligodendrocytes to form new myelin sheaths, which wrap around damaged axons and result in functional recovery. The capacity of NG2-glia to regulate their behavior and dynamics in response to neuronal activity and disease indicate their critical role in myelin preservation and remodeling in the physiological state and in repair in the pathological state. In this review, we provide a detailed summary of the characteristics of NG2-glia, including their heterogeneity, the regulators of their proliferation, and the modulators of their differentiation into oligodendrocytes.

scholarly journals Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system is a rare and possibly underdiagnosed disorder

2017 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yara Dadalti Fragoso ◽  
Tarso Adoni ◽  
Joseph Bruno Bidin Brooks ◽  
Sidney Gomes ◽  
Marcus Vinicius Magno Goncalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Neurological Dysfunction ◽  
Superficial Siderosis ◽  
Blood Products ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Intermittent Bleeding

ABSTRACT Superficial siderosis (SS) of the central nervous system (CNS) is a rare and possibly underdiagnosed disorder resulting from chronic or intermittent bleeding into the subarachnoid space, leading to deposition of blood products in the subpial layers of the meninges. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows a characteristic curvilinear pattern of hypointensity on its blood-sensitive sequences. Methods Series of cases collected from Brazilian centers. Results We studied 13 cases of patients presenting with progressive histories of neurological dysfunction caused by SS-CNS. The most frequent clinical findings in these patients were progressive gait ataxia, hearing loss, hyperreflexia and cognitive dysfunction. The diagnoses of SS-CNS were made seven months to 30 years after the disease onset. Conclusion SS-CNS is a rare disease that may remain undiagnosed for long periods. Awareness of this condition is essential for the clinician.

scholarly journals Oligodendrocyte-microglia cross-talk in the central nervous system

Immunology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
pp. 302-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Peferoen ◽  
Markus Kipp ◽  
Paul van der Valk ◽  
Johannes M. van Noort ◽  
Sandra Amor
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cross Talk ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Central mineralocorticoid receptor blockade decreases plasma TNF-α after coronary artery ligation in rats

2003 ◽  
Vol 284 (2) ◽  
pp. R328-R335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Francis ◽  
Robert M. Weiss ◽  
Alan Kim Johnson ◽  
Robert B. Felder
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mineralocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Evaluation Study ◽  
Coronary Artery Ligation ◽  
Artery Ligation ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study (RALES) demonstrated a substantial clinical benefit to blocking the effects of aldosterone (Aldo) in patients with heart failure. We recently demonstrated that the enhanced renal conservation of sodium and water in rats with heart failure can be reduced by blocking the central nervous system effects of Aldo with the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist spironolactone (SL). Preliminary data from our laboratory suggested that central MR might contribute to another peripheral mechanism in heart failure, the release of proinflammatory cytokines. In the present study, SL (100 ng/h for 21 days) or ethanol vehicle (Veh) was administered via the 3rd cerebral ventricle to one group of rats after coronary ligation (CL) or sham CL (Sham) to induce congestive heart failure (CHF). In Veh-treated CHF rats, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels increased during day 1 and continued to increase throughout the 3-wk observation period. In CHF rats treated with SL, started 24 h after CL, TNF-α levels rose initially but retuned to control levels by day 5 after CL and remained low throughout the study. These findings suggest that activation of MR in the central nervous system plays a critical role in regulating TNF-α release in heart failure rats. Thus some of the beneficial effect of blocking MR in heart failure could be due at least in part to a reduction in TNF-α production.

scholarly journals Role of 5-HT7 receptors in the immune system in health and disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Quintero-Villegas ◽  
Sergio Iván Valdés-Ferrer
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Blood Platelets ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health And Disease

AbstractIn mammalians, serotonin (5-HT) has critical roles in the central nervous system (CNS), including mood stability, pain tolerance, or sleep patterns. However, the vast majority of serotonin is produced by intestinal enterochromaffin cells of the gastrointestinal tract and circulating blood platelets, also acting outside of the CNS. Serotonin effects are mediated through its interaction with 5-HT receptors (5-HTRs), a superfamily with a repertoire of at least fourteen well-characterized members. 5-HT7 receptors are the last 5-HTR member to be identified, with well-defined functions in the nervous, gastrointestinal, and vascular systems. The effects of serotonin on the immune response are less well understood. Mast cells are known to produce serotonin, while T cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages and microglia express 5-HT7 receptor. Here, we review the known roles of 5-HT7 receptors in the immune system, as well as their potential therapeutic implication in inflammatory and immune-mediated disorders.

Central Nervous System Processing of Human Visceral Pain in Health and Disease

Physiology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony R. Hobson ◽  
Qasim Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Visceral Pain ◽  
Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
The Past ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health And Disease

To understand the pathophysiology of anomalous pain in functional gastrointestinal disorders, we must increase our understanding of how the central nervous system processes visceral pain. Over the past decade, novel application of functional brain imaging and electrophysiological techniques has given us the opportunity to study these processes in humans, and this review summarizes the current body of knowledge.

scholarly journals Snapin deficiency is associated with developmental defects of the central nervous system

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bing Zhou ◽  
Yi-Bing Zhu ◽  
Lin Lin ◽  
Qian Cai ◽  
Zu-Hang Sheng
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
Lysosomal Function ◽  
Quality Control Process ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The autophagy–lysosomal pathway is an intracellular degradation process essential for maintaining neuronal homoeostasis. Defects in this pathway have been directly linked to a growing number of neurodegenerative disorders. We recently revealed that Snapin plays a critical role in co-ordinating dynein-driven retrograde transport and late endosomal–lysosomal trafficking, thus maintaining efficient autophagy–lysosomal function. Deleting snapin in neurons impairs lysosomal proteolysis and reduces the clearance of autolysosomes. The role of the autophagy–lysosomal system in neuronal development is, however, largely uncharacterized. Here, we report that snapin deficiency leads to developmental defects in the central nervous system. Embryonic snapin−/− mouse brain showed reduced cortical plates and intermediate zone cell density, increased apoptotic death in the cortex and third ventricle, enhanced membrane-bound LC3-II staining associated with autophagic vacuoles and an accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins in the cortex and hippocampus. Thus our results provide in vivo evidence for the essential role of late endocytic transport and autophagy–lysosomal function in maintaining neuronal survival and development of the mammalian central nervous system. In addition, our study supports the existence of a functional interplay between the autophagy–lysosome and ubiquitin–proteasome systems in the protein quality-control process.

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