scholarly journals Mitochondrial MiRNA in Cardiovascular Function and Disease

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Song ◽  
Xiang-Qun Hu ◽  
Lubo Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Cardiovascular Function ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Cardiovascular Development ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Translational Activity ◽  
And Function

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs functioning as crucial post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression involved in cardiovascular development and health. Recently, mitochondrial miRNAs (mitomiRs) have been shown to modulate the translational activity of the mitochondrial genome and regulating mitochondrial protein expression and function. Although mitochondria have been verified to be essential for the development and as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases, we are just beginning to understand the roles of mitomiRs in the regulation of crucial biological processes, including energy metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. In this review, we summarize recent findings regarding how mitomiRs impact on mitochondrial gene expression and mitochondrial function, which may help us better understand the contribution of mitomiRs to both the regulation of cardiovascular function under physiological conditions and the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases.

The physiological and pathophysiological roles of adipocyte miRNAs

2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyan Ling ◽  
Xing Li ◽  
Chao Hua Yao ◽  
Bi Hu ◽  
Duanfang Liao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adipocyte Differentiation ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Insulin Production ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
And Function ◽  
Posttranscriptional Level ◽  
Regulate Gene

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are highly conserved, small, noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Their actions affect numerous important biological processes, including adipocyte differentiation and function, sugar and lipid metabolism, and insulin production and secretion. Recent reports suggest miRNAs may also be involved in the pathogenic processes of obesity, diabetes, and insulin resistance. In this review, we summarize research progresses on adipocyte miRNAs and their physiological and pathological implications.

scholarly journals Mitogenome Analysis of Four Lamiinae Species (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Gene Expression Responses by Monochamus alternatus When Infected with the Parasitic Nematode, Bursaphelenchus mucronatus

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 453
Author(s):  
Zi-Yi Zhang ◽  
Jia-Yin Guan ◽  
Yu-Rou Cao ◽  
Xin-Yi Dai ◽  
Kenneth B. Storey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Monochamus Alternatus ◽  
Genome Database ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Nd5 Gene

We determined the mitochondrial gene sequence of Monochamus alternatus and three other mitogenomes of Lamiinae (Insect: Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) belonging to three genera (Aulaconotus, Apriona and Paraglenea) to enrich the mitochondrial genome database of Lamiinae and further explore the phylogenetic relationships within the subfamily. Phylogenetic trees of the Lamiinae were built using the Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods and the monophyly of Monochamus, Anoplophora, and Batocera genera was supported. Anoplophora chinensis, An. glabripennis and Aristobia reticulator were closely related, suggesting they may also be potential vectors for the transmission of the pine wood pathogenic nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) in addition to M. alternatus, a well-known vector of pine wilt disease. There is a special symbiotic relationship between M. alternatus and Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. As the native sympatric sibling species of B. xylophilus, B. mucronatus also has a specific relationship that is often overlooked. The analysis of mitochondrial gene expression aimed to explore the effect of B. mucronatus on the energy metabolism of the respiratory chain of M. alternatus adults. Using RT-qPCR, we determined and analyzed the expression of eight mitochondrial protein-coding genes (COI, COII, COIII, ND1, ND4, ND5, ATP6, and Cty b) between M. alternatus infected by B. mucronatus and M. alternatus without the nematode. Expression of all the eight mitochondrial genes were up-regulated, particularly the ND4 and ND5 gene, which were up-regulated by 4–5-fold (p < 0.01). Since longicorn beetles have immune responses to nematodes, we believe that their relationship should not be viewed as symbiotic, but classed as parasitic.

Skeletal muscle bioenergetic health and function in people living with HIV: association with glucose tolerance and alcohol use

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle E. Levitt ◽  
Tekeda F Ferguson ◽  
Stefany DePrato Primeaux ◽  
Jeanette A Zavala ◽  
Jameel Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Proton Leak ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene Expression ◽  
Mitochondrial Volume ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

At-risk alcohol use is prevalent and increases dysglycemia among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH). Skeletal muscle (SKM) bioenergetic dysregulation is implicated in dysglycemia and type 2 diabetes. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between at-risk alcohol, glucose tolerance, and SKM bioenergetic function in PLWH. Thirty-five PLWH (11 females, 24 males, age: 53±9 yrs, body mass index: 29.0±6.6 kg/m2) with elevated fasting glucose enrolled in the ALIVE-Ex study provided medical history and alcohol use information (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, AUDIT), then underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and SKM biopsy. Bioenergetic health and function and mitochondrial volume were measured in isolated myoblasts. Mitochondrial gene expression was measured in SKM. Linear regression adjusting for age, sex, and smoking was performed to examine the relationship between glucose tolerance (2-h glucose post-OGTT), AUDIT, and their interaction with each outcome measure. Negative indicators of bioenergetic health were significantly (p<0.05) greater with higher 2-h glucose (proton leak) and AUDIT (proton leak, non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption, and bioenergetic health index). Mitochondrial volume was increased with the interaction of higher 2-h glucose and AUDIT. Mitochondrial gene expression decreased with higher 2-h glucose (TFAM, PGC1B, PPARG, MFN1), AUDIT (MFN1, DRP1, MFF), and their interaction (PPARG, PPARD, MFF). Decreased expression of mitochondrial genes were coupled with increased mitochondrial volume and decreased bioenergetic health in SKM of PLWH with higher AUDIT and 2-h glucose. We hypothesize these mechanisms reflect poorer mitochondrial health and may precede overt SKM bioenergetic dysregulation observed in type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial OXPHOS Biogenesis: Co-Regulation of Protein Synthesis, Import, and Assembly Pathways

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Xin Tang ◽  
Kyle Thompson ◽  
Robert W. Taylor ◽  
Monika Oláhová
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Import ◽  
Acyl Carrier Protein ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Mitochondrial Translation ◽  
Oxphos Complex

The assembly of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes is an intricate process, which—given their dual-genetic control—requires tight co-regulation of two evolutionarily distinct gene expression machineries. Moreover, fine-tuning protein synthesis to the nascent assembly of OXPHOS complexes requires regulatory mechanisms such as translational plasticity and translational activators that can coordinate mitochondrial translation with the import of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins. The intricacy of OXPHOS complex biogenesis is further evidenced by the requirement of many tightly orchestrated steps and ancillary factors. Early-stage ancillary chaperones have essential roles in coordinating OXPHOS assembly, whilst late-stage assembly factors—also known as the LYRM (leucine–tyrosine–arginine motif) proteins—together with the mitochondrial acyl carrier protein (ACP)—regulate the incorporation and activation of late-incorporating OXPHOS subunits and/or co-factors. In this review, we describe recent discoveries providing insights into the mechanisms required for optimal OXPHOS biogenesis, including the coordination of mitochondrial gene expression with the availability of nuclear-encoded factors entering via mitochondrial protein import systems.

A Role of P300 in Post-natal Cardiac Mitochondrial Gene Expression and Function

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. S162-S163
Author(s):  
Yasuaki Nakagawa ◽  
Koichiro Kuwahara ◽  
Masaki Harada ◽  
Genzo Takemura ◽  
Masaharu Akao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene Expression ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals MicroRNAs in Platelets: Should I Stay or Should I Go?

Platelets ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Águila ◽  
Ernesto Cuenca-Zamora ◽  
Constantino Martínez ◽  
Raúl Teruel-Montoya
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Transduction Pathway ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
And Function

In this chapter, we discuss different topics always using the microRNA as the guiding thread of the review. MicroRNAs, member of small noncoding RNAs family, are an important element involved in gene expression. We cover different issues such as their importance in the differentiation and maturation of megakaryocytes (megakaryopoiesis), as well as the role in platelets formation (thrombopoiesis) focusing on the described relationship between miRNA and critical myeloid lineage transcription factors such as RUNX1, chemokines receptors as CRCX4, or central hormones in platelet homeostasis like TPO, as well as its receptor (MPL) and the TPO signal transduction pathway, that is JAK/STAT. In addition to platelet biogenesis, we review the microRNA participation in platelets physiology and function. This review also introduces the use of miRNAs as biomarkers of platelet function since the detection of pathogenic situations or response to therapy using these noncoding RNAs is getting increasing interest in disease management. Finally, this chapter describes the participation of platelets in cellular interplay, since extracellular vesicles have been demonstrated to have the ability to deliver microRNAs to others cells, modulating their function through intercellular communication, redefining the extracellular vesicles from the so-called “platelet dust” to become mediators of intercellular communication.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Profile of Mature MicroRNA in the Pig

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiliang Wang ◽  
David K.C. Cooper ◽  
Zhiming Cai ◽  
Lisha Mou
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Mature Mirnas ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Mature Microrna ◽  
And Function ◽  
Posttranscriptional Level

The pig is an important source of meat production and provides a valuable model for certain human diseases. MicroRNA (miRNA), which is non-coding RNA and regulates gene expression at the posttranscriptional level, plays a critical role in various biological processes. Studies on identification and function of mature miRNAs in multiple pig tissues are increasing, yet the literature is limited. Therefore, we reviewed current research to determine the miRNAs expressed in specific pig tissues that are involved in carcass values (including muscle and adipocytes), reproduction (including pituitary, testis, and ovary), and development of some solid organs (e.g., brain, lung, kidney, and liver). We also discuss the possible regulating mechanisms of miRNA. Finally, as pig organs are suitable candidates for xenotransplantation, biomarkers of their miRNA in xenotransplantation were evaluated.

scholarly journals Dysregulated micro-RNAs and long noncoding RNAs in cardiac development and pediatric heart failure

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (5) ◽  
pp. H1308-H1315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Toni ◽  
Frehiwet Hailu ◽  
Carmen C. Sucharov
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Cardiac Development ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Cardiovascular Development ◽  
Micro Rnas

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are broadly described as RNA molecules that are not translated into protein. The investigation of dysregulated ncRNAs in human diseases such as cancer, neurological, and cardiovascular diseases has been under way for well over a decade. Micro-RNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are the best characterized ncRNAs. These ncRNAs can have profound effects on the regulation of gene expression during cardiac development and disease. Importantly, ncRNAs are significant regulators of gene expression in several congenital heart diseases and can positively or negatively impact cardiovascular development. In this review, we focus on literature involving micro-RNAs and lncRNAs in the context of pediatric cardiovascular diseases, preclinical models of heart failure, and cardiac development.

scholarly journals Aging Influences Cardiac Mitochondrial Gene Expression and Cardiovascular Function following Hemorrhage Injury

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 542-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bixi Jian ◽  
Shaolong Yang ◽  
Dongquan Chen ◽  
Luyun Zou ◽  
John C Chatham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Cardiovascular Function ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene Expression

Translational inhibitors as potential therapeutic tool of human neuroblastoma through mitochondrial gene expression

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S464-S464
Author(s):  
S. Hina
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Neuroendocrine Tumour ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Mitochondrial Proteins ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene Expression ◽  
Human Neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma is a solid neuroendocrine tumour and most common type of cancer of infancy. It is a complex heterogeneous disease and many factors such as molecular, cellular and genetic features are involved in its development. Mitochondria play a pivotal role in neuronal cell survival or death. Neurons are highly reliant on aerobic oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) for their energy needs. Defective activities of mitochondrial complexes I, II, III and IV have been identified in many neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Human mitochondria with its own genetic material meet the needs required for the assembly of subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes. A number of translational inhibitors are known that could potentially effect translation of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Among these puromycin, homoharringtonine and cyclohexamide were selected for the present study. The effect of these translational inhibitors on mitochondrial gene expression for the treatment of neuroblastoma are not well established. Therefore, in this study, we have investigated the effects of these translational inhibitors on the expression of human mitochondrial gene expression in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells.We observed a significant effect on the level of mitochondrial transcripts upon exposure to these translation inhibitors in SH-SY5Y cells, however, the effects on expression of mitochondrial proteins were minimal. This suggests that translational inhibitors might not directly affect the abundance of mitochondrial proteins. Translational inhibitors induce significant effect on mitochondrial gene expression that can be lead to the new-targeted therapy for treating neuroblastoma.

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