scholarly journals Disruption of Mitochondrial Homeostasis: The Role of PINK1 in Parkinson’s Disease

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3022
Author(s):  
Maria Vizziello ◽  
Linda Borellini ◽  
Giulia Franco ◽  
Gianluca Ardolino
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Neuronal Population ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Mitochondrial Homeostasis

The progressive reduction of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra is the fundamental process underlying Parkinson’s disease (PD), while the mechanism of susceptibility of this specific neuronal population is largely unclear. Disturbances in mitochondrial function have been recognized as one of the main pathways in sporadic PD since the finding of respiratory chain impairment in animal models of PD. Studies on genetic forms of PD have provided new insight on the role of mitochondrial bioenergetics, homeostasis, and autophagy. PINK1 (PTEN-induced putative kinase 1) gene mutations, although rare, are the second most common cause of recessively inherited early-onset PD, after Parkin gene mutations. Our knowledge of PINK1 and Parkin function has increased dramatically in the last years, with the discovery that a process called mitophagy, which plays a key role in the maintenance of mitochondrial health, is mediated by the PINK1/Parkin pathway. In vitro and in vivo models have been developed, supporting the role of PINK1 in synaptic transmission, particularly affecting dopaminergic neurons. It is of paramount importance to further define the role of PINK1 in mitophagy and mitochondrial homeostasis in PD pathogenesis in order to delineate novel therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 Protects Dopaminergic Neurons by Promoting Autophagy in the Inflammatory Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Huang ◽  
Qiankun Lv ◽  
Yunfei Xiao ◽  
Zhen Zhong ◽  
Binbin Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Human Genetics ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Inflammatory Mechanism

Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder with an inflammatory response as the core pathogenic mechanism. Previous human genetics findings support the view that the loss of TREM2 function will aggravate neurodegeneration, and TREM2 is one of the most highly expressed receptors in microglia. However, the role of TREM2 in the inflammatory mechanism of PD is not clear. In our study, it was found both in vivo and in vitro that the activation of microglia not only promoted the secretion of inflammatory factors but also decreased the level of TREM2 and inhibited the occurrence of autophagy. In contrast, an increase in the level of TREM2 decreased the expression of inflammatory factors and enhanced the level of autophagy through the p38 MAPK/mTOR pathway. Moreover, increased TREM2 expression significantly decreased the apoptosis of dopaminergic (DA) neurons and improved the motor ability of PD mice. In summary, TREM2 is an important link between the pathogenesis of PD and inflammation. Our study provides a new view for the mechanism of TREM2 in PD and reveals TREM2 as a potential therapeutic target for PD.

scholarly journals Neuroprotective Effect of Optimized Yinxieling Formula in 6-OHDA-Induced Chronic Model of Parkinson’s Disease through the Inflammation Pathway

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renrong Wei ◽  
Cuiping Rong ◽  
Qingfeng Xie ◽  
Shouhai Wu ◽  
Yuchao Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Cox 2

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN)-striatum circuit, which is associated with glial activation and consequent chronic neuroinflammation. Optimized Yinxieling Formula (OYF) is a Chinese medicine that exerts therapeutical effect and antiinflammation property on psoriasis. Our previous study has proven that pretreatment with OYF could regulate glia-mediated inflammation in an acute mouse model of PD induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Given that PD is a chronic degeneration disorder, this study applied another PD animal model induced by striatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to mimic the progressive damage of the SN-striatum dopamine system in rats. The OYF was administrated in the manner of pretreatment plus treatment. The effects of the OYF on motor behaviors were assessed with the apomorphine-induced rotation test and adjusting steps test. To confirm the effect of OYF on dopaminergic neurons and glia activation in this model, we analyzed the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and glia markers, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the SN region of the rat PD model. Inflammation-associated factors, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), were further evaluated in this model and in interferon-γ- (INF-γ-) induced murine macrophages RAW264.7 cells. The results from the in vivo study showed that OYF reversed the motor behavioral dysfunction in 6-OHDA-induced PD rats, upregulated the TH expression, decreased the immunoreactivity of Iba-1 and GFAP, and downregulated the mRNA levels of TNF-α and COX-2. The OYF also trended to decrease the mRNA levels of IL-1β and iNOS in vivo. The results from the in vitro study showed that OYF significantly decreased the mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2. Therefore, this study suggests that OYF exerts antiinflammatory effects, which might be related to the protection of dopaminergic neurons in 6-OHDA-induced chronic neurotoxicity.

scholarly journals Loss of SATB1 Induces a p21 Dependent Cellular Senescence Phenotype in Dopaminergic Neurons

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Riessland ◽  
Benjamin Kolisnyk ◽  
Tae Wan Kim ◽  
Jia Cheng ◽  
Jason Ni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Cellular Senescence ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Dna Binding Protein ◽  
Dopamine Neurons ◽  
Human Stem Cell ◽  
Transcriptional Program

AbstractCellular senescence is a mechanism used by mitotic cells to prevent uncontrolled cell division. As senescent cells persist in tissues, they cause local inflammation and are harmful to surrounding cells, contributing to aging. Generally, neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson‘s, are disorders of aging. The contribution of cellular senescence to neurodegeneration is still unclear. SATB1 is a DNA binding protein associated with Parkinson’s disease. We report that SATB1 prevents cellular senescence in post-mitotic dopaminergic neurons. Loss of SATB1 causes activation of a cellular senescence transcriptional program in dopamine neurons, both in human stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons and in mice. We observed phenotypes which are central to cellular senescence in SATB1 knockout dopamine neurons in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we found that SATB1 directly represses expression of the pro-senescence factor, p21, in dopaminergic neurons. Our data implicate senescence of dopamine neurons as a contributing factor to the pathology of Parkinson’s disease.

AAV.shRNA-mediated downregulation of ROCK2 attenuates degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in toxin-induced models of Parkinson's disease in vitro and in vivo

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 150-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim-Ann Saal ◽  
Jan C. Koch ◽  
Lars Tatenhorst ◽  
Éva M. Szegő ◽  
Vinicius Toledo Ribas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons

scholarly journals Postmortem studies in Parkinson's disease

2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-293 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Nigrostriatal System ◽  
Regional Vulnerability ◽  
Environmental Agents ◽  
Postmortem Studies

No animal model to date perfectly replicates Parkinson's disease (PD) etiopathogenesis, and the anatomical organization of the nigrostriatal system differs considerably between species. Human postmortem material therefore remains the gold standard for both formulating hypotheses for subsequent testing in in vitro and in vivo PD models and verifying hypotheses derived from experimental PD models with regard to their validity in the human disease. This article focuses on recent and relevant fields in which human postmortem work has generated significant impact in our understanding of PD. These fields include Lewy body formation, regional vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons, oxidative/nitrative cellular stress, inflammation, apoptosis, infectious and environmental agents, and nondopaminergic lesions.

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