scholarly journals What Guides Peripheral Immune Cells into the Central Nervous System?

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2041
Author(s):  
Theresa Greiner ◽  
Markus Kipp
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Progressive Disease ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
Secondary Progressive ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Immune Cells

Multiple sclerosis (MS), an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), initially presents with a relapsing-remitting disease course. During this early stage of the disease, leukocytes cross the blood–brain barrier to drive the formation of focal demyelinating plaques. Disease-modifying agents that modulate or suppress the peripheral immune system provide a therapeutic benefit during relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). The majority of individuals with RRMS ultimately enter a secondary progressive disease stage with a progressive accumulation of neurologic deficits. The cellular and molecular basis for this transition is unclear and the role of inflammation during the secondary progressive disease stage is a subject of intense and controversial debate. In this review article, we discuss the following main hypothesis: during both disease stages, peripheral immune cells are triggered by CNS-intrinsic stimuli to invade the brain parenchyma. Furthermore, we outline the different neuroanatomical routes by which peripheral immune cells might migrate from the periphery into the CNS.

scholarly journals The discovery of natalizumab, a potent therapeutic for multiple sclerosis

2012 ◽  
Vol 199 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Steinman
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Critical Component ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the major inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. There is strong evidence that an immune response in the brain is a critical component of the disease. In 1992, in a collaboration between academia and biotechnology, my colleagues and I showed that α4 integrin was the critical molecule involved in the homing of immune cells into the inflamed brain. Was it sheer luck that these results led to the development of a drug for MS?

scholarly journals Increased Levels of IL-16 in the Central Nervous System during Neuroinflammation Are Associated with Infiltrating Immune Cells and Resident Glial Cells

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 472
Author(s):  
Shehla U Hridi ◽  
Mark Barbour ◽  
Chelsey Wilson ◽  
Aimee JPM Franssen ◽  
Tanith Harte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Cellular Source ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord

Interleukin (IL)-16, a CD4+ immune cell specific chemoattractant cytokine, has been shown to be involved in the development of multiple sclerosis, an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). While immune cells such as T cells and macrophages are reported to be the producers of IL-16, the cellular source of IL-16 in the CNS is less clear. This study investigates the correlation of IL-16 expression levels in the CNS with the severity of neuroinflammation and determines the phenotype of cells which produce IL-16 in the CNS of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice. Our data show that IL-16 expression is significantly increased in the brain and spinal cord tissues of EAE mice compared to phosphate buffered saline (PBS) immunised controls. Dual immunofluorescence staining reveals that the significantly increased IL-16+ cells in the CNS lesions of EAE mice are likely to be the CD45+ infiltrating immune cells such as CD4+ or F4/80+ cells and the CNS resident CD11b+ microglia and GFAP+ astrocytes, but not NeuN+ neurons. Our data suggest cytokine IL-16 is closely involved in EAE pathology as evidenced by its increased expression in the glial and infiltrating immune cells, which impacts the recruitment and activation of CD4+ immune cells in the neuroinflammation.

scholarly journals Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM): A Demyelinating Disease with Specific Morphological Features

2021 ◽  
pp. 106689692199356
Author(s):  
Fleur Cordier ◽  
Lars Velthof ◽  
David Creytens ◽  
Jo Van Dorpe
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases ◽  
Demyelinating Disorder ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare immune-mediated inflammatory and demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. Its characteristic perivenular demyelination and inflammation aid in the differential diagnosis with other inflammatory demyelinating diseases. Here, we present a clinical case of ADEM, summarize its histological hallmarks, and discuss pitfalls concerning the most important neuropathological differential diagnoses.

Inflammatory Mechanisms in Parkinson’s Disease: From Pathogenesis to Targeted Therapies

2021 ◽  
pp. 107385842199226
Author(s):  
Stellina Y. H. Lee ◽  
Nathanael J. Yates ◽  
Susannah J. Tye
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Neurodegenerative Process ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Novel Target

Inflammation is a critical factor contributing to the progressive neurodegenerative process observed in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system, are activated early in PD pathogenesis and can both trigger and propagate early disease processes via innate and adaptive immune mechanisms such as upregulated immune cells and antibody-mediated inflammation. Downstream cytokines and gene regulators such as microRNA (miRNA) coordinate later disease course and mediate disease progression. Biomarkers signifying the inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes at play within the central nervous system are of increasing interest to clinical teams. To be effective, such biomarkers must achieve the highest sensitivity and specificity for predicting PD risk, confirming diagnosis, or monitoring disease severity. The aim of this review was to summarize the current preclinical and clinical evidence that suggests that inflammatory processes contribute to the initiation and progression of neurodegenerative processes in PD. In this article, we further summarize the data about main inflammatory biomarkers described in PD to date and their potential for regulation as a novel target for disease-modifying pharmacological strategies.

scholarly journals Biology of the repair of central nervous system demyelinated lesions: an appraisal

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. V Peireira ◽  
M. A. Cruz-Höfling ◽  
M. S. J. Dertkigil ◽  
D. L. Graça
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Schwann Cells ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Primitive Cell ◽  
Marked Influence ◽  
Myelin Sheaths ◽  
Human Material ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The integrity of myelin sheaths is maintained by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells respectively in the central nervous system (CNS) and in the peripheral nervous system. The process of demyelination consisting of the withdrawal of myelin sheaths from their axons is a characteristic feature of multiple sclerosis, the most common human demyelinating disease. Many experimental models have been designed to study the biology of demyelination and remyelination (repair of the lost myelin) in the CNS, due to the difficulties in studying human material. In the ethidium bromide (an intercalating gliotoxic drug) model of demyelination, CNS remyelination may be carried out by surviving oligodendrocytes and/or by cells differentiated from the primitive cell lines or either by Schwann cells that invade the CNS. However, some factors such as the age of the experimental animals, intensity and time of exposure to the intercalating chemical and the topography of the lesions have marked influence on the repair of the tissue.

scholarly journals The nervous form of canine distemper

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-136
Author(s):  
Alice Fernandes Alfieri ◽  
Alexandre Mendes Amude ◽  
Amauri Alcindo Alfier
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Canine Distemper Virus ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Canine Distemper ◽  
Systemic Involvement ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Canine distemper is a systemic infection, frequently lethal in dogs. The canine distemper virus(CDV) causes a persistent infection within the central nervous system resulting in aprogressive, multifocal demyelinating disease. In dogs, CDV infection may lead togastrointestinal and/or respiratory signs, frequently with central nervous system involvement.Myoclonus has been a common and characteristic sign observed in dogs with distemperencephalomyelitis. However, the nervous form of distemper may occur in the absence ofmyoclonus and systemic involvement. This review will point the clinical course and theneurological signs of nervous distemper, as well the clinical syndromes of CDV infection,neuropathology of acute and chronic demyelination, and diagnostic aids of CDVencephalomyelitis.

scholarly journals Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Following Typhoid Fever: A Case Report

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 55-58
Author(s):  
R Adhikari ◽  
A Tayal ◽  
PK Chhetri ◽  
B Pokhrel
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Cerebellar Syndrome ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The involvement of central nervous system in children with typhoid fever is common. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis is a rare immune mediated and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that usually affects children. We report a 7-year-old child with typhoid fever who developed acute cerebellar syndrome due to acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2013, Vol-9, No-4, 55-58 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v9i4.10237

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