scholarly journals Circular RNA as An Epigenetic Regulator in Chronic Liver Diseases

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1945
Author(s):  
Xianhui Zeng ◽  
Xianglei Yuan ◽  
Qiuyu Cai ◽  
Chengwei Tang ◽  
Jinhang Gao
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Circular Rna ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Epigenetic Regulator ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Circular RNA (circRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA characterized by a covalently closed continuous loop. CircRNA is generated by pre-mRNA through back-splicing and is probably cleared up by extracellular vesicles. CircRNAs play a pivotal role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Recently, circRNAs have been demonstrated to be involved in the regulation of liver homeostasis and diseases. However, the epigenetic role and underlying mechanisms of circRNAs in chronic liver diseases remain unclear. This review discussed the role of circRNAs in non-neoplastic chronic liver diseases, including alcoholic liver disease (ALD), metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), viral hepatitis, liver injury and regeneration, liver cirrhosis, and autoimmune liver disease. The review also highlighted that further efforts are urgently needed to develop circRNAs as novel diagnostics and therapeutics for chronic liver diseases.

scholarly journals The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Liver Cirrhosis Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Na Young Lee ◽  
Ki Tae Suk
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Sclerosing Cholangitis ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases

Liver cirrhosis is one of the most prevalent chronic liver diseases worldwide. In addition to viral hepatitis, diseases such as steatohepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, sclerosing cholangitis and Wilson’s disease can also lead to cirrhosis. Moreover, alcohol can cause cirrhosis on its own and exacerbate chronic liver disease of other causes. The treatment of cirrhosis can be divided into addressing the cause of cirrhosis and reversing liver fibrosis. To this date, there is still no clear consensus on the treatment of cirrhosis. Recently, there has been a lot of interest in potential treatments that modulate the gut microbiota and gut-liver axis for the treatment of cirrhosis. According to recent studies, modulation of the gut microbiome by probiotics ameliorates the progression of liver disease. The precise mechanism for relieving cirrhosis via gut microbial modulation has not been identified. This paper summarizes the role and effects of the gut microbiome in cirrhosis based on experimental and clinical studies on absorbable antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Moreover, it provides evidence of a relationship between the gut microbiome and liver fibrosis.

scholarly journals LncRNAs Act as a Link between Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2883
Author(s):  
Young-Ah Kim ◽  
Kwan-Kyu Park ◽  
Sun-Jae Lee
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Chronic Liver Disease ◽  
Hepatic Fibrosis ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as important contributors to the biological processes underlying the pathophysiology of various human diseases, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the involvement of these molecules in chronic liver diseases, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and viral hepatitis, has only recently been considered in scientific research. While extensive studies on the pathogenesis of the development of HCC from hepatic fibrosis have been conducted, their regulatory molecular mechanisms are still only partially understood. The underlying mechanisms related to lncRNAs leading to HCC from chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis have not yet been entirely elucidated. Therefore, elucidating the functional roles of lncRNAs in chronic liver disease and HCC can contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms, and may help in developing novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HCC, as well as in preventing the progression of chronic liver disease to HCC. Here, we comprehensively review and briefly summarize some lncRNAs that participate in both hepatic fibrosis and HCC.

Animal models of chronic liver diseases

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (5) ◽  
pp. G449-G468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Liu ◽  
Christoph Meyer ◽  
Chengfu Xu ◽  
Honglei Weng ◽  
Claus Hellerbrand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Human Liver ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Rodent Models ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Chronic liver diseases are frequent and potentially life threatening for humans. The underlying etiologies are diverse, ranging from viral infections, autoimmune disorders, and intoxications (including alcohol abuse) to imbalanced diets. Although at early stages of disease the liver regenerates in the absence of the insult, advanced stages cannot be healed and may require organ transplantation. A better understanding of underlying mechanisms is mandatory for the design of new drugs to be used in clinic. Therefore, rodent models are being developed to mimic human liver disease. However, no model to date can completely recapitulate the “corresponding” human disorder. Limiting factors are the time frame required in humans to establish a certain liver disease and the fact that rodents possess a distinct immune system compared with humans and have different metabolic rates affecting liver homeostasis. These features account for the difficulties in developing adequate rodent models for studying disease progression and for testing new pharmaceuticals to be translated into the clinic. Nevertheless, traditional and new promising animal models that mimic certain attributes of chronic liver diseases are established and being used to deepen our understanding in the underlying mechanisms of distinct liver diseases. This review aims at providing a comprehensive overview of recent advances in animal models recapitulating different features and etiologies of human liver diseases.

scholarly journals The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Liver Fibrosis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Young Lee ◽  
Ki Tae Suk
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Sclerosing Cholangitis ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases

Liver cirrhosis is one of the most prevalent chronic liver diseases worldwide. In addition to viral hepatitis, genetic conditions such as steatohepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, sclerosing cholangitis, and Wilson’s disease can also lead to cirrhosis. Moreover, alcohol can cause cirrhosis on its own and exacerbate chronic liver disease from other causes. The treatment of cirrhosis can be divided into addressing the cause of cirrhosis and reversing liver fibrosis. To this date, there is still no clear consensus on the treatment of cirrhosis. Recently, there has been a lot of interest in potential treatments that modulate the gut microbiota and gut-liver axis for the treatment of cirrhosis. According to recent studies, modulation of the gut microbiome by probiotics ameliorates the progression of liver disease. The precise mechanism for relieving cirrhosis via gut microbial modulation has not been identified. This paper summarizes the role and effects of the gut microbiome in cirrhosis based on experimental and clinical studies on absorbable antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Moreover, it provides evidence of a relationship between the gut microbiome and liver cirrhosis.

scholarly journals Muscle Loss in Chronic Liver Diseases: The Example of Nonalcoholic Liver Disease

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pascal De Bandt ◽  
Prasanthi Jegatheesan ◽  
Naouel Tennoune-El-Hafaia
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
De Novo Lipogenesis ◽  
Muscle Loss ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Muscle Homeostasis

Recent publications highlight a frequent loss of muscle mass in chronic liver diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and its association with a poorer prognosis. In NAFLD, given the role of muscle in energy metabolism, muscle loss promotes disease progression. However, liver damage may be directly responsible of this muscle loss. Indeed, muscle homeostasis depends on the balance between peripheral availability and action of anabolic effectors and catabolic signals. Moreover, insulin resistance of protein metabolism only partially explains muscle loss during NAFLD. Interestingly, some data indicate specific alterations in the liver–muscle axis, particularly in situations such as excess fructose/sucrose consumption, associated with increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and endoplasmic reticulum stress. In this context, the liver will be responsible for a decrease in the peripheral availability of anabolic factors such as hormones and amino acids, and for the production of catabolic effectors such as various hepatokines, methylglyoxal, and uric acid. A better understanding of these liver–muscle interactions could open new therapeutic opportunities for the management of NAFLD patients.

scholarly journals The Influence of Chronic Liver Diseases on Hepatic Vasculature: A Liver-on-a-chip Review

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alican Özkan ◽  
Danielle Stolley ◽  
Erik N. K. Cressman ◽  
Matthew McMillin ◽  
Sharon DeMorrow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Chronic Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases ◽  
Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells ◽  
Chronic Injury ◽  
Hepatic Vasculature

In chronic liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma, the cells and extracellular matrix of the liver undergo significant alteration in response to chronic injury. Recent literature has highlighted the critical, but less studied, role of the liver vasculature in the progression of chronic liver diseases. Recent advancements in liver-on-a-chip systems has allowed in depth investigation of the role that the hepatic vasculature plays both in response to, and progression of, chronic liver disease. In this review, we first introduce the structure, gradients, mechanical properties, and cellular composition of the liver and describe how these factors influence the vasculature. We summarize state-of-the-art vascularized liver-on-a-chip platforms for investigating biological models of chronic liver disease and their influence on the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells of the hepatic vasculature. We conclude with a discussion of how future developments in the field may affect the study of chronic liver diseases, and drug development and testing.

scholarly journals Emerging Treatment Options for Sarcopenia in Chronic Liver Disease

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 250
Author(s):  
Yun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Chronic Liver Disease ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Sarcopenia is characterized by a skeletal muscle disorder with progressive and generalized loss of muscle mass and function, and it increases the risk of adverse outcomes with considerable prevalence in patients with chronic liver disease. Sarcopenia in chronic liver disease underlies complicated and multifactorial mechanisms for pathogenesis, including alterations in protein turnover, hyperammonemia, energy disposal, hormonal changes, and chronic inflammation. The key contribution to sarcopenia in patients with chronic liver diseases can be the hyperammonemia-induced upregulation of myostatin, which causes muscle atrophy via the expression of atrophy-related genes. Several clinical studies on emerging treatment options for sarcopenia have been reported, but only a few have focused on patients with chronic liver diseases, with mostly nutritional and behavioral interventions being carried out. The inhibition of the myostatin-activin receptor signaling pathway and hormonal therapy might be the most promising therapeutic options in combination with an ammonia-lowering approach in sarcopenic patients with chronic liver diseases. This review focuses on current and emerging treatment options for sarcopenia in chronic liver diseases with underlying mechanisms to counteract this condition.

Role of scavenger receptors in the pathophysiology of chronic liver diseases

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Armengol ◽  
Ramon Bartoli ◽  
Lucia Sanjurjo ◽  
Isabel Serra ◽  
Nuria Amezaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Scavenger Receptors ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases

scholarly journals Asthenia and fatigue in hyperammonemia: etiopathogenesis and methods of correction

2022 ◽  
pp. 95-104
Author(s):  
E. Yu. Plotnikova ◽  
M. N. Sinkova ◽  
L. K. Isakov
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Principles Of Treatment ◽  
The Brain

Asthenia and fatigue are the most common syndromes in patients with liver disease, which significantly affects their quality of life. The prevalence of fatigue in chronic liver diseases is from 50% to 85%. While some progress has been made in understanding the processes that can cause fatigue in general, the underlying causes of fatigue associated with liver disease remain not well understood. In particular, many data suggest that fatigue associated with liver disease likely results from changes in neurotransmission in the brain against the background of hyperammonemia. Hyperammonemia is a metabolic state characterized by an increased level of  ammonia, a  nitrogen-containing compound. The  present review describes hyperammonemia, which is likely important in the pathogenesis of fatigue associated with liver disease. Ammonia is a potent neurotoxin, its elevated blood levels can cause neurological signs and symptoms that can be acute or chronic, depending on the  underlying pathology. Hyperammonemia should be recognized early, and immediately treated to prevent the development of life-threatening complications, such as, swelling of the brain and coma. The article gives pathophysiological mechanisms of influence of hyperammonemia on state of psychovegetative status of patients with liver diseases, also lists basic principles of treatment. A significant part of the article is devoted to L-ornithine-L-aspartate, which is effective in asthenia and fatigue to reduce the level of hyperammonemia through a variety of well-studied mechanisms in chronic liver diseases.

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