scholarly journals The Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus viscosum Improves the Tolerance to Verticillium Wilt in Artichoke by Modulating the Antioxidant Defense Systems

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1944
Author(s):  
Alessandra Villani ◽  
Franca Tommasi ◽  
Costantino Paciolla
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Wilt ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Monodehydroascorbate Reductase ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Defense Systems ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Systems

Verticillium wilt, caused by the fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae, is the most severe disease that threatens artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may represent a useful biological control strategy against this pathogen attack, replacing chemical compounds that, up to now, have been not very effective. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the AMF Glomus viscosum Nicolson in enhancing the plant tolerance towards the pathogen V. dahliae. The role of the ascorbate-glutathione (ASC-GSH) cycle and other antioxidant systems involved in the complex network of the pathogen-fungi-plant interaction have been investigated. The results obtained showed that the AMF G. viscosum is able to enhance the defense antioxidant systems in artichoke plants affected by V. dahliae, alleviating the oxidative stress symptoms. AMF-inoculated plants exhibited significant increases in ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, a higher content of ascorbate (ASC) and glutathione (GSH), and a decrease in the levels of lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Hence, G. viscosum may represent an effective strategy for mitigating V. dahliae pathogenicity in artichokes, enhancing the plant defense systems, and improving the nutritional values and benefit to human health.

scholarly journals Alleviation of salt stress in citrus seedlings inoculated with mycorrhiza: changes in leaf antioxidant defense systems

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 470-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q.S. Wu ◽  
Y.N. Zou ◽  
W. Liu ◽  
X.F. Ye ◽  
H.F. Zai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Glomus Mosseae ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Defense Systems ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Systems ◽  
Mycorrhizal Inoculation

Citrus is a salt-sensitive plant. In the present study, the salt stress ameliorating the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi through antioxidant defense systems was reported. Three-month-old trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings colonized by Glomus mosseae or G. versiforme were irrigated with 0 and 100 mmol NaCl solutions. After 49 days of salinity, mycorrhizal structures were obviously restrained by salt stress. Mycorrhizal inoculation especially G. mosseae significantly alleviated the growth reduction of salinity. There were notably lower malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents in the leaves of mycorrhizal seedlings than in non-mycorrhizal ones. Mycorrhizal seedlings recorded notably greater activity of catalase and contents of ascorbate, soluble protein and glutathione under salinity or non-salinity conditions. The seedlings colonized by G. mosseae showed significantly higher antioxidant defense systems response to salinity than by G. versiforme. Our data demonstrate that mycorrhizal (especially G. mosseae) citrus seedlings exhibited greater efficient antioxidant defense systems, which provide better protection against salt damage.

scholarly journals The methylome of the model arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Rhizophagus irregularis, shares characteristics with early diverging fungi and Dikarya

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anurag Chaturvedi ◽  
Joaquim Cruz Corella ◽  
Chanz Robbins ◽  
Anita Loha ◽  
Laure Menin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Rhizophagus Irregularis ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
Phosphate Regulation ◽  
Very High

AbstractEarly-diverging fungi (EDF) are distinct from Dikarya and other eukaryotes, exhibiting high N6-methyldeoxyadenine (6mA) contents, rather than 5-methylcytosine (5mC). As plants transitioned to land the EDF sub-phylum, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF; Glomeromycotina) evolved a symbiotic lifestyle with 80% of plant species worldwide. Here we show that these fungi exhibit 5mC and 6mA methylation characteristics that jointly set them apart from other fungi. The model AMF, R. irregularis, evolved very high levels of 5mC and greatly reduced levels of 6mA. However, unlike the Dikarya, 6mA in AMF occurs at symmetrical ApT motifs in genes and is associated with their transcription. 6mA is heterogeneously distributed among nuclei in these coenocytic fungi suggesting functional differences among nuclei. While far fewer genes are regulated by 6mA in the AMF genome than in EDF, most strikingly, 6mA methylation has been specifically retained in genes implicated in components of phosphate regulation; the quintessential hallmark defining this globally important symbiosis.

scholarly journals Combination of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on growth and production of Helianthus tuberosus under field condition

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabaiporn Nacoon ◽  
Sanun Jogloy ◽  
Nuntavun Riddech ◽  
Wiyada Mongkolthanaruk ◽  
Jindarat Ekprasert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Condition ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Spore Density ◽  
Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria ◽  
Phosphate Solubilizing ◽  
Inoculation Treatment ◽  
Amf Inoculation

AbstractIn this work, the effects of co-inoculation between an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) and a phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) to promote the growth and production of sunchoke under field condition were investigated during 2016 and 2017. Four treatments were set up as follows: plants without inoculation, with AMF inoculation, with PSB inoculation and with co-inoculation of PSB and AMF. The results showed the presence of PSB and AMF colonization at the harvest stage in both years. This suggested the survival of PSB and successful AMF colonization throughout the experiments. According to correlation analysis, PSB positively affected AMF spore density and colonization rate. Also, both AMF and PSB positively correlated with growth and production of sunchoke. Co-inoculation could enhance various plant parameters. However, better results in 2016 were found in co-inoculation treatment, while AMF inoculation performed the best in 2017. All of these results suggested that our AMF and PSB could effectively promote growth and production of sunchoke under field conditions. Such effects were varied due to different environmental conditions each year. Note that this is the first study showing successful co-inoculation of AMF and PSB for promoting growth and yield of sunchoke in the real cultivation fields.

Susceptibility of barley cultivars to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Boyetchko ◽  
J. P. Tewari
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Vam Fungi ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Glomus Species ◽  
The University

The relative susceptibility of selected barley cultivars produced in western Canada to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi under field and greenhouse conditions was evaluated in this study. Cultivars tested under field conditions at the University of Alberta and Lacombe research stations showed no significant differences in VAM colonization of barley roots; colonization was light. Greenhouse trials at the University of Alberta with eight cultivars inoculated with individual mycorrhizal species illustrated significant differences among the barley cultivars in their reactions to Glomus dimorphicum, G. intraradices, and G. mosseae. Distinct differences were observed in the ability of each Glomus species to colonize the barley cultivars. The VAM fungi increased growth and yield in some cultivars, depending on the Glomus species. This study indicates that a degree of host-specificity exists in VAM fungi and that the host-mycorrhizal fungus genotypes may influence the effectiveness of the symbiosis. Key words: Barley, cultivars, susceptibility, VA mycorrhizal fungi

scholarly journals The Synergy of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Exogenous Abscisic Acid Benefits Robinia pseudoacacia L. Growth through Altering the Distribution of Zn and Endogenous Abscisic Acid

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 671
Author(s):  
Xiao Lou ◽  
Xiangyu Zhang ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Ming Tang
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Black Locust ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Am Symbiosis ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Systems ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia L ◽  
Zn Stress

The simultaneous effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and abscisic acid (ABA) on the tolerance of plants to heavy metal (HM) remain unclear. A pot experiment was carried out to clarify the effects of simultaneous applications of AM fungi and ABA on plant growth, Zn accumulation, endogenous ABA contents, proline metabolism, and the oxidative injury of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) exposed to excess Zn stress. The results suggested that exogenously applied ABA positively enhanced AM colonization, and that the growth of plants only with AM fungi was improved by ABA application. Under Zn stress, AM inoculation and ABA application increased the ABA content in the root/leaf (increased by 48–172% and 92%, respectively) and Zn content in the root/shoot (increased by 63–152% and 61%, respectively) in AM plants, but no similar trends were observed in NM plants. Additionally, exogenous ABA addition increased the proline contents of NM roots concomitantly with the activities of the related synthases, whereas it reduced the proline contents and the activity of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase in AM roots. Under Zn stress, AM inoculation and ABA application decreased H2O2 contents and the production rate of O2, to varying degrees. Furthermore, in the roots exposed to Zn stress, AM inoculation augmented the activities of SOD, CAT, POD and APX, and exogenously applied ABA increased the activities of SOD and POD. Overall, AM inoculation combined with ABA application might be beneficial to the survival of black locust under Zn stress by improving AM symbiosis, inhibiting the transport of Zn from the roots to the shoots, increasing the distribution of ABA in roots, and stimulating antioxidant defense systems.

Role of Jasmonic and Salicylic Acid on Enzymatic Changes in the Root of Two Alyssum Inflatum Náyr. Populations Exposed to Nickel Toxicity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiva - Najafi Kakavand ◽  
Naser - Karimi ◽  
Hamid-Reza - Ghasempour ◽  
Ali - Raza ◽  
Mehrdad - Chaichi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Nickel Toxicity ◽  
Defense Systems ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Systems ◽  
Enzymatic Changes ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Ni Accumulation

Abstract Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) as plant growth regulators (PGRs) have the potential to ameliorate plant development and tolerance to deleterious effects of toxic metals like nickel (Ni). Therefore, the current study was carried out to evaluate SA and JA's interactive effect on the root antioxidative response of two Alyssum inflatum Nyár. populations against Ni-toxicity. Two A. inflatum species under Ni-stress conditions (0, 100, 200, and 400 µM) were exposed to alone or combined levels of SA (0, 50, and 200 µM) and JA (0, 5, and 10 µM) treatments. Results showed that high Ni doses reduced the roots fresh weight (FW) in two populations than control; however, the use of external PGRs had ameliorated roots biomass by mitigated Ni-toxicity. Under Ni toxicity, SA and JA, especially their combination, induced high Ni accumulation in plants' roots. Moreover, the application of SA and JA alone, as well as combined SA + JA, was found to be effective in the scavenging of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by improving the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in both populations under Ni-toxicity. Overall, our results manifest that SA and JA's external use, especially combined SA + JA treatments, ameliorate root biomass and plant tolerance by restricting translocation Ni to the shoot, accumulating in roots, and also enhancing antioxidant defense systems.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve mineral nutrition and tolerance of olive tree to Verticillium wilt

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (13-14) ◽  
pp. 673-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanane Boutaj ◽  
Abdelilah Meddich ◽  
Abdelghani Chakhchar ◽  
Said Wahbi ◽  
Zainab El Alaoui-Talibi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Verticillium Wilt ◽  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Olive Tree

In vitro culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and Frankia for inoculation of micropropagated Casuarina equisetifolia L.

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (9) ◽  
pp. 1391-1397
Author(s):  
Genevieve Louise Mark ◽  
John E Hooker ◽  
Alexander Hahn ◽  
Chris T Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Spore Germination ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Casuarina Equisetifolia ◽  
Half Strength ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Micropropagated, rooted, and calli explants of Casuarina equisetifolia L. were inoculated with Frankia UGL 020605S and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus mosseae, in single and dual co-culture, in vitro. Different micropropagation media formulations were evaluated for their capacity to stimulate germination of G. mosseae spores and growth of Frankia. Murashige and Skoog basal nutrient (half strength) medium, supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and pyruvate was selected for the in vitro co-culture of C. equisetifolia callus explants, G. mosseae, and Frankia. This medium (M4) supported 70% AMF spore germination with 44 and 34% of the germinating spores producing single and branched hyphal strands, respectively. Hoaglands (quarter strength, modified by Hoaglands and Arnon (1950)) nutrient medium (M5) with no supplements was selected for the in vitro co-culture of rooted C. equisetifolia explants, G. mosseae, and Frankia and supported 57% AMF spore germination with 29 and 40% of the germinating spores producing single and branched hyphal strands, respectively. Both media supported significant growth of Frankia. In both cases agar was substituted with Terragreen(r). AMF appressoria and intercellular hyphae were observed in rooted C. equisetifolia at 28 days; arbuscule formation occurred at 56 days postinoculation. Frankia infection was evident after 28 days. This was observed in both dual and single in vitro co-cultures. No specific immunofluorescent or immunogold reactions to monoclonal antibodies (mABs) anti-Frankia < 8C5 > and anti-G. mosseae < F5G5 > were evident in C. equisetifolia callus explants.Key words: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Frankia, Casuarina, micropropagation, immunofluorescent labelling.

Improvement of plant performance under water deficit with the employment of biological and chemical priming agents

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 (5) ◽  
pp. 680-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Balestrini ◽  
W. Chitarra ◽  
C. Antoniou ◽  
M. Ruocco ◽  
V. Fotopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Climate Change Research ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Chemical Priming

AbstractDrought represents one of the major constraints on agricultural productivity and food security and in future is destined to spread widely as a consequence of climate change. Research efforts are focused on developing strategies to make crops more resilient and to mitigate the effects of stress on crop production. In this context, the use of root-associated microbial communities and chemical priming strategies able to improve plant tolerance to abiotic stresses, including drought, have attracted increasing attention in recent years. The current review offers an overview of recent research aimed at verifying the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and chemical agents to improve plant tolerance to drought and to highlight the mechanisms involved in this improvement. Attention will be devoted mainly to current knowledge on the mechanisms involved in water transport.

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