scholarly journals A Fragile Balance: Does Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation Drive Pulmonary Disease Progression?

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1932
Author(s):  
Helena Block ◽  
Alexander Zarbock
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Trap ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Extracellular Traps ◽  
Infection And Inflammation ◽  
Decondensed Chromatin

Neutrophils act as the first line of defense during infection and inflammation. Once activated, they are able to fulfil numerous tasks to fight inflammatory insults while keeping a balanced immune response. Besides well-known functions, such as phagocytosis and degranulation, neutrophils are also able to release “neutrophil extracellular traps” (NETs). In response to most stimuli, the neutrophils release decondensed chromatin in a NADPH oxidase-dependent manner decorated with histones and granule proteins, such as neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase, and cathelicidins. Although primarily supposed to prevent microbial dissemination and fight infections, there is increasing evidence that an overwhelming NET response correlates with poor outcome in many diseases. Lung-related diseases especially, such as bacterial pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, aspergillosis, influenza, and COVID-19, are often affected by massive NET formation. Highly vascularized areas as in the lung are susceptible to immunothrombotic events promoted by chromatin fibers. Keeping this fragile equilibrium seems to be the key for an appropriate immune response. Therapies targeting dysregulated NET formation might positively influence many disease progressions. This review highlights recent findings on the pathophysiological influence of NET formation in different bacterial, viral, and non-infectious lung diseases and summarizes medical treatment strategies.

scholarly journals Orchestration of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (Nets), a Unique Innate Immune Function during Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Development

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Anjali Trivedi ◽  
Meraj A. Khan ◽  
Geetanjali Bade ◽  
Anjana Talwar
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Tissue Destruction ◽  
Mucus Production ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Extracellular Traps ◽  
Endothelial Cell Death

Morbidity, mortality and economic burden caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a significant global concern. Surprisingly, COPD is already the third leading cause of death worldwide, something that WHO had not predicted to occur until 2030. It is characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airway limitation due to airway and/or alveolar abnormalities usually caused by significant exposure to noxious particles of gases. Neutrophil is one of the key infiltrated innate immune cells in the lung during the pathogenesis of COPD. Neutrophils during pathogenic attack or injury decide to undergo for a suicidal death by releasing decondensed chromatin entangled with antimicrobial peptides to trap and ensnare pathogens. Casting neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) has been widely demonstrated to be an effective mechanism against invading microorganisms thus controlling overwhelming infections. However, aberrant and massive NETs formation has been reported in several pulmonary diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Moreover, NETs can directly induce epithelial and endothelial cell death resulting in impairing pulmonary function and accelerating the progression of the disease. Therefore, understanding the regulatory mechanism of NET formation is the need of the hour in order to use NETs for beneficial purpose and controlling their involvement in disease exacerbation. For example, DNA neutralization of NET proteins using protease inhibitors and disintegration with recombinant human DNase would be helpful in controlling excess NETs. Targeting CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) would also reduce neutrophilic inflammation, mucus production and neutrophil-proteinase mediated tissue destruction in lung. In this review, we discuss the interplay of NETs in the development and pathophysiology of COPD and how these NETs associated therapies could be leveraged to disrupt NETopathic inflammation as observed in COPD, for better management of the disease.

scholarly journals Update on Clinical Inflammometry for the Management of Airway Diseases

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parameswaran Nair
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Airway Inflammation ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Airway Diseases ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Airway inflammation is a central feature of many airway diseases such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis and chronic cough; therefore, it is only logical that it is measured to optimize its treatment. However, most treatment recommendations, including the use of anti-inflammatory therapies such as corticosteroids, are based on assessments of only airflow and symptoms. Over the past 10 years, methods have been developed to assess airway inflammation relatively noninvasively. Quantitative cell counts in sputum and the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide are the most validated tests. Judicious use of currently available drugs, such as corticosteroids, bronchodilators and antibiotics, and other anti-inflammatory therapies guided by sputum eosinophil and neutrophil counts, have been demonstrated to decrease exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ameliorate cough, improve quality of life in patients with these diseases and is cost effective compared with treatment strategies based on guidelines that do not incorporate these measurements. Thus, it is unfortunate that this is not used more widely in the management of airway diseases, particularly in patients with severe asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who experience frequent exacerbations.

scholarly journals Antigenic Specificity of the Mucosal Antibody Response to Moraxella catarrhalis in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 8161-8166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy F. Murphy ◽  
Aimee L. Brauer ◽  
Christoph Aebi ◽  
Sanjay Sethi
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Moraxella Catarrhalis ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Antigenic Specificity ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Mucosal Antibody

ABSTRACT Moraxella catarrhalis is an important human mucosal pathogen causing otitis media in children and lower respiratory tract infection in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Little is known about the mucosal antibody response to M. catarrhalis in adults with COPD. In this study, 10 pairs of well-characterized sputum supernatant samples from adults with COPD who had acquired and subsequently cleared M. catarrhalis from their respiratory tracts were studied in detail in an effort to begin to elucidate potentially protective immune responses. Flow cytometry analysis was used to study the distribution of immunoglobulin isotypes in paired preacquisition and postclearance sputum samples. The results showed that immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the predominant M. catarrhalis-specific immunoglobulin isotype and that the sputum IgA contains a secretory component, indicating that it is locally produced at the mucosal site. Most patients made new sputum IgA responses to the adhesins UspA1 and Hag, along with the surface protein UspA2. A smaller proportion of patients made new sputum IgA responses to the iron-regulated proteins TbpB and CopB and to lipooligosaccharide. These results have important implications in understanding the mucosal immune response to M. catarrhalis in the setting of COPD and in elucidating the elements of a protective immune response.

scholarly journals Blinded to Their Own Daily Sufferings: the Lived Experience of Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mulugeta Tamire ◽  
Aschalew Worku ◽  
Adamu Addissie ◽  
Samuel Ayele ◽  
Tewodros Haile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Community Support ◽  
Male Participant ◽  
Female Participant ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Copd Patients

Abstract Background: Worldwide, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) continues to be an important contributor to morbidity, mortality and health-care costs. In Ethiopia, the physical, financial, emotional, social and religious life of patients living with COPD is poorly understood, information crucial for physicians in developing treatment strategies and government agencies in planning community support services. This study, the first of its kind, was designed to initiate understanding of the personal burden of living with COPD in Ethiopia.Methods: This was a qualitative research study using a phenomenographic approach. Twelve recruited COPD patients underwent in-depth interviews using a semi-structured open-ended interview guide. All audio-records were transcribed verbatim and translated to English for analysis using Atlas.ti software.Results: There were seven men and five women, whose ages ranged from 45 to 78 years. One male participant was a former smoker and one female participant had second-hand cigarette exposure. All 12 participants were unaware of their COPD diagnosis despite experiencing chronic symptoms of cough and shortness of breath, unresponsive to treatment, which affected their physical, financial, emotional, social and religious life. In addition, all participants attempted a variety of coping strategies to deal with their respiratory disease and many were optimistic about their future living with the disease. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate an urgent need for improved awareness, diagnosis and treatment of COPD patients to lessen the burden of those living with the disease and more judiciously, utilize available resources in Ethiopia.

scholarly journals Multi-level immune response network in mild-moderate Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Cruz ◽  
Alejandra López-Giraldo ◽  
Guillaume Noell ◽  
Sandra Casas-Recasens ◽  
Tamara Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Response Network ◽  
Multi Level
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