scholarly journals Cumulative Damage: Cell Death in Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus of Prematurity

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1911
Author(s):  
Riley Sevensky ◽  
Jessie C. Newville ◽  
Ho Lam Tang ◽  
Shenandoah Robinson ◽  
Lauren L. Jantzie
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Cellular Structures ◽  
Ependymal Cells ◽  
Csf Dynamics ◽  
Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
Very Preterm ◽  
Severe Manifestation ◽  
Shed Light

Globally, approximately 11% of all infants are born preterm, prior to 37 weeks’ gestation. In these high-risk neonates, encephalopathy of prematurity (EoP) is a major cause of both morbidity and mortality, especially for neonates who are born very preterm (<32 weeks gestation). EoP encompasses numerous types of preterm birth-related brain abnormalities and injuries, and can culminate in a diverse array of neurodevelopmental impairments. Of note, posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus of prematurity (PHHP) can be conceptualized as a severe manifestation of EoP. PHHP impacts the immature neonatal brain at a crucial timepoint during neurodevelopment, and can result in permanent, detrimental consequences to not only cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics, but also to white and gray matter development. In this review, the relevant literature related to the diverse mechanisms of cell death in the setting of PHHP will be thoroughly discussed. Loss of the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus, ependymal cells and their motile cilia, and cellular structures within the glymphatic system are of particular interest. Greater insights into the injuries, initiating targets, and downstream signaling pathways involved in excess cell death shed light on promising areas for therapeutic intervention. This will bolster current efforts to prevent, mitigate, and reverse the consequential brain remodeling that occurs as a result of hydrocephalus and other components of EoP.

scholarly journals The STING1 network regulates autophagy and cell death

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruoxi Zhang ◽  
Rui Kang ◽  
Daolin Tang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Mitotic Cell ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Type I Interferons ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Type I ◽  
Autophagic Degradation ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

AbstractCell death and immune response are at the core of life. In past decades, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein STING1 (also known as STING or TMEM173) was found to play a fundamental role in the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to DNA derived from invading microbial pathogens or damaged hosts by activating multiple transcription factors. In addition to this well-known function in infection, inflammation, and immunity, emerging evidence suggests that the STING1-dependent signaling network is implicated in health and disease by regulating autophagic degradation or various cell death modalities (e.g., apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, mitotic cell death, and immunogenic cell death [ICD]). Here, we outline the latest advances in our understanding of the regulating mechanisms and signaling pathways of STING1 in autophagy and cell death, which may shed light on new targets for therapeutic interventions.

scholarly journals Role of Hypoxia-Mediated Autophagy in Tumor Cell Death and Survival

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 533
Author(s):  
Rania F. Zaarour ◽  
Bilal Azakir ◽  
Edries Y. Hajam ◽  
Husam Nawafleh ◽  
Nagwa A. Zeinelabdin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Type I ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Destruction Process ◽  
Tumor Cell Death ◽  
Complex Regulation ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light

Programmed cell death or type I apoptosis has been extensively studied and its contribution to the pathogenesis of disease is well established. However, autophagy functions together with apoptosis to determine the overall fate of the cell. The cross talk between this active self-destruction process and apoptosis is quite complex and contradictory as well, but it is unquestionably decisive for cell survival or cell death. Autophagy can promote tumor suppression but also tumor growth by inducing cancer-cell development and proliferation. In this review, we will discuss how autophagy reprograms tumor cells in the context of tumor hypoxic stress. We will illustrate how autophagy acts as both a suppressor and a driver of tumorigenesis through tuning survival in a context dependent manner. We also shed light on the relationship between autophagy and immune response in this complex regulation. A better understanding of the autophagy mechanisms and pathways will undoubtedly ameliorate the design of therapeutics aimed at targeting autophagy for future cancer immunotherapies.

Lumbar Cisternography in Evaluation of Hydrocephalus in the Preterm Infant

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 670-676
Author(s):  
Steven M. Donn ◽  
Dietrich W. Roloff ◽  
John W. Keyes
Keyword(s):  
Periventricular Leukomalacia ◽  
Csf Dynamics ◽  
Flow Paths ◽  
Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus ◽  
Complete Obstruction ◽  
Arnold Chiari Malformation ◽  
Indium 111 ◽  
Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus ◽  
Serial Images ◽  
Ventricular Filling

Radionuclide lumbar cisternography using indium 111-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (111 In-DTPA) and a mobile γ-camera with a converging collimator was utilized as a bedside procedure to evaluate CSF dynamics and the patency of the cerebral ventricular system in 30 preterm infants with hydrocephalus. Serial images of the brain were obtained at 0, 1, 2, 6, 24, and 48 hours after instillation of the isotope in the lumbar subarachnoid space. Three distinct patterns were seen. Infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus displayed prompt ventricular filling but markedly delayed emptying with minimal flow over the cerebral convexities. Infants with ventriculomegaly secondary to suspected brain atrophy or periventricular leukomalacia demonstrated a pattern of prompt ventricular filling, delayed emptying, but with flow present over the convexities. An infant with noncommunicating hydrocephalus secondary to an Arnold-Chiari malformation showed a pattern of complete obstruction with no ventricular filling. Radionuclide lumbar cisternography appears to be a safe, well-tolerated procedure which produces images of sufficient resolution to provide valuable information about CSF dynamics, delineating basal cisternae, ventricles, and subarachnoid flow paths.

Foreign Ownership and Bank Efficiency

2014 ◽  
pp. 75-100
Author(s):  
Özlem Olgu ◽  
Emrah Yılmaz
Keyword(s):  
Banking Sector ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Bank Efficiency ◽  
Financial Ratio ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Financial Ratio Analysis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light

This chapter examines the association between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and efficiency of commercial banks in Turkey during the 2003-2010 period. First, the authors examine the technical efficiency of banks by applying the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and financial ratio analysis following the relevant literature. Then, they attempt to shed light on the relationship between FDI and bank efficiency applying a second stage regression analysis. The results indicate that banks that have received FDI are more efficient than others whilst there is no significant correlation among the FDI dummy and bank efficiency in Turkey. Moreover, the analysis of balance sheet ratios suggests that foreign investors target more profitable and larger banks in the sector to form partnerships. Thus, consistent with Berger et al. (2003), the authors propose that efficiency is a pre-condition rather than a result of FDI in the Turkish banking sector.

Workplace Location and ICTs Substituting Travel

2010 ◽  
pp. 205-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greger Henriksson ◽  
Minna Räsänen
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Time Service ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relations Of Power ◽  
Shed Light

This chapter is based on the assumption that keeping the number and length of business and commuting trips at reasonable levels could contribute to reaching targets of environmental sustainability. The authors highlight a couple of options for reducing or avoiding business trips and commuting through workplace location or improved use of communications. They present case studies concerning travel and communications, carried out by using diaries and interviews. They also present relevant literature on social practices and sustainability goals in relation to use of ICT. The aim is to shed light on variation in the use of travel and communications on an individual level in work life. The case studies illustrate that such variation is mainly due to the concrete practices involved in execution of professional duties and roles. Duties that involve a clearly defined end result or product being delivered regularly by the member of staff are correlated to clearly defined needs for communications. Less clearly defined end results of the work duties seem to make it harder for the individual to plan and perform communication and travel in a more energy saving way. The difference in professional duties can thus be expressed in terms of clarity and maturity. Another factor that affect who can replace travel with ICTs is relations of power, e.g., when a purchaser dictates the terms for a subcontractor concerning how and where to “deliver” his working time, service or product. The importance of clarity, maturity and power aspects means that professional practices need to be studied at a detailed level to find out who could substitute ICTs for travel and how this could be done.

scholarly journals De novo variants in MPP5 cause global developmental delay and behavioral changes

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (20) ◽  
pp. 3388-3401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noelle Sterling ◽  
Anna R Duncan ◽  
Raehee Park ◽  
David A Koolen ◽  
Jiahai Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Developmental Delay ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Ventricular Zone ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Ependymal Cells ◽  
Global Developmental Delay ◽  
Apical Surface

Abstract Membrane Protein Palmitoylated 5 (MPP5) is a highly conserved apical complex protein essential for cell polarity, fate and survival. Defects in cell polarity are associated with neurologic disorders including autism and microcephaly. MPP5 is essential for neurogenesis in animal models, but human variants leading to neurologic impairment have not been described. We identified three patients with heterozygous MPP5 de novo variants (DNV) and global developmental delay (GDD) and compared their phenotypes and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to ascertain how MPP5 DNV leads to GDD. All three patients with MPP5 DNV experienced GDD with language delay/regression and behavioral changes. MRI ranged from normal to decreased gyral folding and microcephaly. The effects of MPP5 depletion on the developing brain were assessed by creating a heterozygous conditional knock out (het CKO) murine model with central nervous system (CNS)-specific Nestin-Cre drivers. In the het CKO model, Mpp5 depletion led to microcephaly, decreased cerebellar volume and cortical thickness. Het CKO mice had decreased ependymal cells and Mpp5 at the apical surface of cortical ventricular zone compared with wild type. Het CKO mice also failed to maintain progenitor pools essential for neurogenesis. The proportion of cortical cells undergoing apoptotic cell death increased, suggesting that cell death reduces progenitor population and neuron number. Het CKO mice also showed behavioral changes, similar to our patients. To our knowledge, this is the first report to show that variants in MPP5 are associated with GDD, behavioral abnormalities and language regression/delay. Murine modeling shows that neurogenesis is likely altered in these individuals, with cell death and skewed cellular composition playing significant roles.

scholarly journals LPA1/3 overactivation induces neonatal posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus through ependymal loss and ciliary dysfunction

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. eaax2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole C. Lummis ◽  
Paloma Sánchez-Pavón ◽  
Grace Kennedy ◽  
Aaron J. Frantz ◽  
Yasuyuki Kihara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infants ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Ependymal Cells ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Csf Flow ◽  
Increased Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus ◽  
Lpa Receptor ◽  
Pharmacological Blockade ◽  
Chronic Comorbidities

Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) in premature infants is a common neurological disorder treated with invasive neurosurgical interventions. Patients with PHH lack effective therapeutic interventions and suffer chronic comorbidities. Here, we report a murine lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)–induced postnatal PHH model that maps neurodevelopmentally to premature infants, a clinically accessible high-risk population, and demonstrates ventriculomegaly with increased intracranial pressure. Administration of LPA, a blood-borne signaling lipid, acutely disrupted the ependymal cells that generate CSF flow, which was followed by cell death, phagocytosis, and ventricular surface denudation. This mechanism is distinct from a previously reported fetal model that induces PHH through developmental alterations. Analyses of LPA receptor–null mice identified LPA1 and LPA3 as key mediators of PHH. Pharmacological blockade of LPA1 prevented PHH in LPA-injected animals, supporting the medical tractability of LPA receptor antagonists in preventing PHH and negative CNS sequelae in premature infants.

scholarly journals Importance of English in Engineering for Professional Communication: A Study in the Nepalese Context

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 222-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rup Narayan Shrestha ◽  
Bharat Raj Pahari ◽  
Jai Raj Awasthi
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
English Language ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Professional Communication ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Shed Light

This article attempts to highlight the importance of English in the professional communication in the field of engineering in Nepal. The main objective of the article is to shed light on the role English language plays in the communication related to engineering. Based primarily on the review of some relevant literature available, the present article reveals the fact that English being one of the global languages used in a wide range of communicative fields all over the world, it serves as an important tool for professional communication in engineering in Nepal.Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 2016, 12(1): 222-227 

scholarly journals Ethylene-Responsive AP2/ERF Transcription Factor MACD1 Participates in Phytotoxin-Triggered Programmed Cell Death

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 868-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Mase ◽  
Nobuaki Ishihama ◽  
Hitoshi Mori ◽  
Hideki Takahashi ◽  
Hironori Kaminaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Structural Analog ◽  
Necrotrophic Pathogen ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
Upregulated Genes ◽  
Erf Transcription Factor

To investigate plant programmed cell death (PCD), we developed the model system using phytotoxin AAL, which is produced by necrotrophic pathogen Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici, and AAL-sensitive Nicotiana umbratica. We previously reported that ethylene (ET) signaling plays a pivotal role in AAL-triggered cell death (ACD). However, downstream signaling of ET to ACD remains unclear. Here, we show that the modulator of AAL cell death 1 (MACD1), which is an APETALA2/ET response factor (ERF) transcription factor, participates in ACD and acts downstream of ET signaling during ACD. MACD1 is a transcriptional activator and MACD1 overexpression plants showed earlier ACD induction than control plants, suggesting that MACD1 positively regulates factors affecting cell death. To investigate the role of MACD1 in PCD, we used Arabidopsis thaliana and a structural analog of AAL, fumonisin B1 (FB1). FB1-triggered cell death was compromised in ET signaling and erf102 mutants. The loh2 mutants showed sensitivity to AAL, and the loh2-1/erf102 double mutant compromised ACD, indicating that ERF102 also participates in ACD. To investigate the PCD-associated genes regulated by ERF102, we compared our microarray data using ERF102 overexpression plants with the database of upregulated genes by AAL treatment in loh2 mutants, and found genes under the control of ERF102 in ACD.

scholarly journals The Challenges Encountered in the Application of Kodaly Method in Turkey

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Emel Funda Türkmen ◽  
İlknur Özal Göncü
Keyword(s):  
Music Education ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Kodaly Method ◽  
Applied Aspect ◽  
Shed Light

Kodaly is a method used in many countries, particularly in Hungary. The method is based upon the introduction of singing and the applied aspect of music with children at early ages, by which they are ensured with a more qualified and permanent music education.This research focuses on possible actions to be taken in order to increase the quality of music education; as well as the opportunities offered by Kodaly method within this framework. With this in mind, the question “What are the challenges encountered in the application of Kodaly method?” is tried to be answered. The aim of this study is to point out the difficulties in the application of Kodaly Method, which is effectively applied in many countries, in Turkey and provide suggestions regarding its utilization. The study is based on descriptive methods and has been conducted by means of reviewing the relevant literature. Besides, opinions of an instructor using this method for five years have been consulted and several problems have been identified in line with these opinions. The research is considered significant in terms of identifying difficulties in the application of Kodaly Method in Turkey and suggesting solutions to them. It is also believed to shed light upon those who are willing to apply this method. In that sense, this study is believed to serve as a guideline in music education.

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