scholarly journals The Complement System: A Powerful Modulator and Effector of Astrocyte Function in the Healthy and Diseased Central Nervous System

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1812
Author(s):  
Marcela Pekna ◽  
Milos Pekny
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Complement System ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Cell Genesis ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Complement System

The complement system, an effector arm of the innate immune system that plays a critical role in tissue inflammation, the elimination of pathogens and the clearance of dead cells and cell debris, has emerged as a regulator of many processes in the central nervous system, including neural cell genesis and migration, control of synapse number and function, and modulation of glial cell responses. Complement dysfunction has also been put forward as a major contributor to neurological disease. Astrocytes are neuroectoderm-derived glial cells that maintain water and ionic homeostasis, and control cerebral blood flow and multiple aspects of neuronal functioning. By virtue of their expression of soluble as well as membrane-bound complement proteins and receptors, astrocytes are able to both send and receive complement-related signals. Here we review the current understanding of the multiple functions of the complement system in the central nervous system as they pertain to the modulation of astrocyte activity, and how astrocytes use the complement system to affect their environment in the healthy brain and in the context of neurological disease.

scholarly journals Modulation of the Complement System by Neoplastic Disease of the Central Nervous System

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven K. Yarmoska ◽  
Ali M. Alawieh ◽  
Stephen Tomlinson ◽  
Kimberly B. Hoang
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Complement System ◽  
Neoplastic Disease ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Neoplastic Diseases ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Complement System

The complement system is a highly conserved component of innate immunity that is involved in recognizing and responding to pathogens. The system serves as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, and modulation of the complement system can affect the entire host immune response to a foreign insult. Neoplastic diseases have been shown to engage the complement system in order to evade the immune system, gain a selective growth advantage, and co-opt the surrounding environment for tumor proliferation. Historically, the central nervous system has been considered to be an immune-privileged environment, but it is now clear that there are active roles for both innate and adaptive immunity within the central nervous system. Much of the research on the role of immunological modulation of neoplastic disease within the central nervous system has focused on adaptive immunity, even though innate immunity still plays a critical role in the natural history of central nervous system neoplasms. Here, we review the modulation of the complement system by a variety of neoplastic diseases of the central nervous system. We also discuss gaps in the current body of knowledge and comment on future directions for investigation.

The Role of the Complement System and the Activation Fragment C5a in the Central Nervous System

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trent M. Woodruff ◽  
Rahasson R. Ager ◽  
Andrea J. Tenner ◽  
Peter G. Noakes ◽  
Stephen M. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Complement System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Complement System

Heterogeneity and Proliferative and Differential Regulators of NG2-glia in Physiological and Pathological States

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (37) ◽  
pp. 6384-6406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuo Zhang ◽  
Hongli Zhou ◽  
Jiyin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Pathological State ◽  
Peripheral Neurons ◽  
Neuronal Synapses ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Rapid Modulation

NG2-glia, also called Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells (OPCs), account for approximately 5%-10% of the cells in the developing and adult brain and constitute the fifth major cell population in the central nervous system. NG2-glia express receptors and ion channels involved in rapid modulation of neuronal activities and signaling with neuronal synapses, which have functional significance in both physiological and pathological states. NG2-glia participate in quick signaling with peripheral neurons via direct synaptic touches in the developing and mature central nervous system. These distinctive glia perform the unique function of proliferating and differentiating into oligodendrocytes in the early developing brain, which is critical for axon myelin formation. In response to injury, NG2-glia can proliferate, migrate to the lesions, and differentiate into oligodendrocytes to form new myelin sheaths, which wrap around damaged axons and result in functional recovery. The capacity of NG2-glia to regulate their behavior and dynamics in response to neuronal activity and disease indicate their critical role in myelin preservation and remodeling in the physiological state and in repair in the pathological state. In this review, we provide a detailed summary of the characteristics of NG2-glia, including their heterogeneity, the regulators of their proliferation, and the modulators of their differentiation into oligodendrocytes.

scholarly journals Suppurative infectious diseases of the central nervous system in domestic ruminants

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 820-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Konradt ◽  
Daniele M. Bassuino ◽  
Klaus S. Prates ◽  
Matheus V. Bianchi ◽  
Gustavo G.M. Snel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Domestic Ruminants ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Positive Immunostaining

ABSTRACT: This study describes suppurative infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) in domestic ruminants of southern Brazil. Reports from 3.274 cattle, 596 sheep and 391 goats were reviewed, of which 219 cattle, 21 sheep and 7 goats were diagnosed with central nervous system inflammatory diseases. Suppurative infectious diseases of the CNS corresponded to 54 cases (28 cattle, 19 sheep and 7 goats). The conditions observed consisted of listerial meningoencephalitis (8 sheep, 5 goats and 4 cattle), suppurative leptomeningitis and meningoencephalitis (14 cattle, 2 goats and 1 sheep), cerebral (6 cattle and 2 sheep), and spinal cord (7 sheep) abscesses, and basilar empyema (4 cattle and 1 sheep). Bacterial culture identified Listeria monocytogenes (9/54 cases), Escherichia coli (7/54 cases), Trueperella pyogenes (6/54 cases) and Proteus mirabilis (1/54 cases). All cases diagnosed as listeriosis through histopathology yielded positive immunostaining on immunohistochemistry, while 12/17 of the cases of suppurative leptomeningitis and meningoencephalitis presented positive immunostaining for Escherichia coli. Meningoencephalitis by L. monocytogenes was the main neurological disease in sheep and goats, followed by spinal cord abscesses in sheep. In cattle, leptomeningitis and suppurative meningoencephalitis was the most frequent neurological disease for the species, and E. coli was the main cause of these lesions. Basilar empyema, mainly diagnosed in cattle, is related to traumatic injuries, mainly in the nasal cavity, and the main etiologic agent was T. pyogenes.

scholarly journals Hendra and Nipah Virus Infection in Cultured Human Olfactory Epithelial Cells

mSphere ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktoriya Borisevich ◽  
Mehmet Hakan Ozdener ◽  
Bilal Malik ◽  
Barry Rockx
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Hendra Virus ◽  
Olfactory Neurons ◽  
Zoonotic Pathogens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
A Site

ABSTRACT Henipaviruses are emerging zoonotic pathogens that can cause acute and severe respiratory and neurological disease in humans. The pathways by which henipaviruses enter the central nervous system (CNS) in humans are still unknown. The observation that human olfactory neurons are highly susceptible to infection with henipaviruses demonstrates that the olfactory epithelium can serve as a site of Henipavirus entry into the CNS. Henipaviruses are emerging zoonotic viruses and causative agents of encephalitis in humans. However, the mechanisms of entry into the central nervous system (CNS) in humans are not known. Here, we evaluated the possible role of olfactory epithelium in virus entry into the CNS. We characterized Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) infection of primary human olfactory epithelial cultures. We show that henipaviruses can infect mature olfactory sensory neurons. Henipaviruses replicated efficiently, resulting in cytopathic effect and limited induction of host responses. These results show that human olfactory epithelium is susceptible to infection with henipaviruses, suggesting that this could be a pathway for neuroinvasion in humans. IMPORTANCE Henipaviruses are emerging zoonotic pathogens that can cause acute and severe respiratory and neurological disease in humans. The pathways by which henipaviruses enter the central nervous system (CNS) in humans are still unknown. The observation that human olfactory neurons are highly susceptible to infection with henipaviruses demonstrates that the olfactory epithelium can serve as a site of Henipavirus entry into the CNS.

scholarly journals Amino acid sequence of the encephalitogenic basic protein from human myelin

1971 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Carnegie
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Basic Protein ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Function ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune

Myelin from the central nervous system contains an unusual basic protein, which can induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The basic protein from human brain was digested with trypsin and other enzymes and the sequence of the 170 amino acids was determined. The localization of the encephalitogenic determinants was described. Possible roles for the protein in the structure and function of myelin are discussed.

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