scholarly journals Towards Goals to Refine Prophylactic and Therapeutic Strategies Against COVID-19 Linked to Aging and Metabolic Syndrome

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1412
Author(s):  
Chong-Hyun Shin ◽  
Ki-Hye Kim ◽  
Subbiah Jeeva ◽  
Sang-Moo Kang
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) gave rise to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. A strong correlation has been demonstrated between worse COVID-19 outcomes, aging, and metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is primarily derived from obesity-induced systemic chronic low-grade inflammation with numerous complications, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The majority of COVID-19 deaths occurs in people over the age of 65. Individuals with MetS are inclined to manifest adverse disease consequences and mortality from COVID-19. In this review, we examine the prevalence and molecular mechanisms underlying enhanced risk of COVID-19 in elderly people and individuals with MetS. Subsequently, we discuss current progresses in treating COVID-19, including the development of new COVID-19 vaccines and antivirals, towards goals to elaborate prophylactic and therapeutic treatment options in this vulnerable population.

scholarly journals Exercise training to reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus: How does it work?

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 701-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolle Kränkel ◽  
Martin Bahls ◽  
Emeline M. Van Craenenbroeck ◽  
Volker Adams ◽  
Luis Serratosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Individual Risk

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) – a clustering of pathological conditions, including abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and hyperglycaemia – is closely associated with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and a high risk of cardiovascular disease. A combination of multigenetic predisposition and lifestyle choices accounts for the varying inter-individual risk to develop MetS and T2DM, as well as for the individual amount of the increase in cardiovascular risk in those patients. A physically active lifestyle can offset about half of the genetically mediated cardiovascular risk. Yet, the extent to which standardized exercise programmes can reduce cardiovascular risk differs between patients. Exercise parameters, such as frequency, intensity, type and duration or number of repetitions, differentially target metabolic function, vascular health and physical fitness. In addition, exercise-induced molecular mechanisms are modulated by other patient-specific variables, such as age, diet and medication. This review discusses the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the effects of exercise training on cardiovascular risk specifically in patients with MetS and T2DM.

scholarly journals Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Cardiovascular Disease: Causing Factors, Molecular Links, and Treatment Options

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunye Zhang ◽  
Shuai Liu ◽  
Ming Yang
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Primary Liver Cancer ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pathologic Features

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer, which will affect more than a million people by the year 2025. However, current treatment options have limited benefits. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the fastest growing factor that causes HCC in western countries, including the United States. In addition, NAFLD co-morbidities including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) promote HCC development. Alteration of metabolites and inflammation in the tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in HCC progression. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still not totally clear. Herein, in this review, we explored the latest molecules that are involved in obesity, T2DM, and CVDs-mediated progression of HCC, as they share some common pathologic features. Meanwhile, several therapeutic options by targeting these key factors and molecules were discussed for HCC treatment. Overall, obesity, T2DM, and CVDs as chronic metabolic disease factors are tightly implicated in the development of HCC and its progression. Molecules and factors involved in these NAFLD comorbidities are potential therapeutic targets for HCC treatment.

Imbalanced Low-Grade Inflammation and Endothelial Activation in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Erectile Dysfunction

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 2017-2030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel de J. Araña Rosaínz ◽  
Miriam Ojeda Ojeda ◽  
Janet Rodriguez Acosta ◽  
Lizet Castelo Elías‐Calles ◽  
Neraldo Orlandi González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Erectile Dysfunction ◽  
Endothelial Activation ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Dietary inulin alleviates diverse stages of type 2 diabetes mellitusviaanti-inflammation and modulating gut microbiota in db/db mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1915-1927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Li ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Jing Xue ◽  
Xiaoli Yang ◽  
Xiaoying Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
P Type ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is closely correlated with chronic low-grade inflammation and gut dysbiosis.

scholarly journals Peripheral arterial disease and indicators of low-grade inflammation in patients with coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 178-185
Author(s):  
Vadim V. Genkel ◽  
Karina V. Nikushkina ◽  
Tansilla I. Nikonova ◽  
Igor I. Shaposhnik
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Peripheral Arteries ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

BACKGROUND: The study of low-grade inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases is a pressing problem. A deeper understanding of the cascade of inflammatory reactions, possibly mediating the severe atherosclerotic lesions of various vascular pools in patients with diabetes, has the potential to introduce more sophisticated diagnostic and therapeutic approaches into practice. AIM: To study the interrelation of low-grade inflammation and atherosclerosis of peripheral arteries in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and T2DM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 137 patients (77 men and 60 women) with CAD. The average age of patients was 62.0 (57.066.0) years. The first group included 67 patients with CAD and T2DM, and the second group included 70 patients with CAD. Low-grade inflammation was assessed by the levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-. All patients underwent duplex scanning of carotid arteries and lower extremity arteries (LEAs). RESULTS: Patients with CAD and T2DM showed significantly greater values of stenosis of carotid arteries and LEAs. Direct correlation was revealed between markers of inflammation and the degree of stenosis of the femoral and tibial arteries, as well as the intima-media thickness of the carotid and femoral arteries. In the group of patients with T2DM, the value of IL-1 was 2.04 (0.982.52) pg/mL, which was significantly less than 2.43 (1.843.19) pg/mL for patients in the second group (p = 0.010). The values of IL-6 were also significantly lower in the first group of patients, at 1.84 (0.734.41) pg/mL vs. 3.73 (2.2710.2) pg/mL in the first and second groups, respectively (p = 0.008). The dose of metformin was inversely correlated with the level of IL-6 (r = 0.314, p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with CAD and T2DM compared with patients without diabetes had significantly greater values of stenosis of peripheral arteries. The levels of IL-1 and IL-6 in the group of patients with CAD and T2DM were significantly lower in comparison with patients without diabetes. The dose of metformin was inversely correlated with the level of IL-6.

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