scholarly journals Emerging Role of Pericytes and Their Secretome in the Heart

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 548
Author(s):  
Han Su ◽  
Aubrey C. Cantrell ◽  
Heng Zeng ◽  
Shai-Hong Zhu ◽  
Jian-Xiong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Remodeling ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Ischemic Heart Failure ◽  
Regenerative Processes ◽  
Angiogenic Growth Factors ◽  
Mural Cells ◽  
Cardiovascular Regeneration ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Lung And Kidney

Pericytes, as mural cells covering microvascular capillaries, play an essential role in vascular remodeling and maintaining vascular functions and blood flow. Pericytes are crucial participants in the physiological and pathological processes of cardiovascular disease. They actively interact with endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), fibroblasts, and other cells via the mechanisms involved in the secretome. The secretome of pericytes, along with diverse molecules including proinflammatory cytokines, angiogenic growth factors, and the extracellular matrix (ECM), has great impacts on the formation, stabilization, and remodeling of vasculature, as well as on regenerative processes. Emerging evidence also indicates that pericytes work as mesenchymal cells or progenitor cells in cardiovascular regeneration. Their capacity for differentiation also contributes to vascular remodeling in different ways. Previous studies primarily focused on the roles of pericytes in organs such as the brain, retina, lung, and kidney; very few studies have focused on pericytes in the heart. In this review, following a brief introduction of the origin and fundamental characteristics of pericytes, we focus on pericyte functions and mechanisms with respect to heart disease, ending with the promising use of cardiac pericytes in the treatment of ischemic heart failure.

scholarly journals Bidirectional asymmetry in the neurovisceral communication for the cardiovascular control: New insights

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Prieto ◽  
AB Segarra ◽  
M Martinez-Canamero ◽  
M De Gasparo ◽  
S Zorad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Cardiovascular Function ◽  
Cardiovascular Control ◽  
Functional Connection ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Available Information ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe cardiovascular control involves a bidirectional functional connection between the brain and heart. We hypothesize that this connection could be extended to other organs using endocrine and autonomic nervous systems (ANS) as communication pathways. This implies a neuroendocrine interaction controlling particularly the cardiovascular function where the enzymatic cascade of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an essential role. It acts not only through its classic endocrine connection but also the ANS. In addition, the brain is functionally, anatomically, and neurochemically asymmetric. Moreover, this asymmetry goes even beyond the brain and it includes both sides of the peripheral nervous and neuroendocrine systems. We revised the available information and analyze the asymmetrical neuroendocrine bidirectional interaction for the cardiovascular control. Negative and positive correlations involving the RAS have been observed between brain, heart, kidney, gut, and plasma in physiologic and pathologic conditions. The central role of the peptides and enzymes of the RAS within this neurovisceral communication, as well as the importance of the asymmetrical distribution of the various RAS components in the pathologies involving this connection, are particularly discussed. In conclusion, there are numerous evidences supporting the existence of a neurovisceral connection with multiorgan involvement that controls, among others, the cardiovascular function. This connection is asymmetrically organized.

scholarly journals Prions and the lymphoreticular system

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1406) ◽  
pp. 177-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Weissmann ◽  
Alex J. Raeber ◽  
Fabio Montrasio ◽  
Ivan Hegyi ◽  
Rico Frigg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Follicular Dendritic Cells ◽  
Splenic Lymphocytes ◽  
Β Receptor ◽  
The Brain

Following intracerebral or peripheral inoculation of mice with scrapie prions, infectivity accumulates first in the spleen and only later in the brain. In the spleen of scrapie–infected mice, prions were found in association with T and B lymphocytes and to a somewhat lesser degree with the stroma, which contains the follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) but not with non–B, non–T cells; strikingly, no infectivity was found in lymphocytes from blood of the same mice. Transgenic PrP knockout mice expressing PrP restricted to either B or T lymphocytes show no prion replication in the lymphoreticular system. Therefore, splenic lymphocytes either acquire prions from another source or replicate them in dependency on other PrP–expressing cells. The essential role of FDCs in prion replication in spleen was shown by treating mice with soluble lymphotoxin–β receptor, which led to disappearance of mature FDCs from the spleen and concomitantly abolished splenic prion accumulation and retarded neuroinvasion following intraperitoneal scrapie inoculation.

John Dewey’s Reconstructed Conception of Growth

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-178
Author(s):  
Jerome A. Popp
Keyword(s):  
Moral Reasoning ◽  
Social Intelligence ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Empathic Understanding ◽  
Moral Decisions ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Secondary Interest

John Dewey’s analysis of the role of emotion in moral reasoning, presented in the later Ethics, led him to conclude that our development of moral reasoning should be less focused on the secondary interest of attention to ourselves or others, and attend to the more complete interests of the welfare and integrity of the social groups in which we participate. In that analysis, Dewey identified the essential role of empathic understanding in moral decisions, referred to by neuroscientists as social intelligence. Dewey’s discussion of the essential role of emotion in these decisions is further supported by research in neuroscience which has established that general intelligence is located in an area of the brain distinct from the area that supports social intelligence, our capacity for empathic experience. These findings suggest that the presence of individuals with developed social intelligence in the groups in which we participate provide increased opportunities for growth.

scholarly journals Dreams, mnemonics, and tuning for criticality

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 625-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barak A. Pearlmutter ◽  
Conor J. Houghton
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Critical Behaviour ◽  
Apparent Relationship ◽  
The Brain

AbstractAccording to the tuning-for-criticality theory, the essential role of sleep is to protect the brain from super-critical behaviour. Here we argue that this protective role determines the content of dreams and any apparent relationship to the art of memory is secondary to this.

scholarly journals Essential role of the nuclear isoform of RBFOX1, a candidate gene for autism spectrum disorders, in the brain development

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nanako Hamada ◽  
Hidenori Ito ◽  
Takuma Nishijo ◽  
Ikuko Iwamoto ◽  
Rika Morishita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Candidate Gene ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
The Brain

Psychological constructionism and cultural neuroscience

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa A. Hechtman ◽  
Narun Pornpattananangkul ◽  
Joan Y. Chiao
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Executive Attention ◽  
Cultural Neuroscience ◽  
Core Affect ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Brain

AbstractLindquist et al. argue that emotional categories do not map onto distinct regions within the brain, but rather, arise from basic psychological processes, including conceptualization, executive attention, and core affect. Here, we use examples from cultural neuroscience to argue that psychological constructionism, not locationism, captures the essential role of emotion in the social and cultural brain.

scholarly journals Activation of proline biosynthesis is critical to maintain glutamate homeostasis during acute methamphetamine exposure

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bobby Jones ◽  
Muthukumar Balasubramaniam ◽  
Joseph J. Lebowitz ◽  
Anne Taylor ◽  
Fernando Villalta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
Proline Biosynthesis ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Molecular Effects ◽  
Glutamate Homeostasis ◽  
The Brain

AbstractMethamphetamine (METH) is a highly addictive psychostimulant that causes long-lasting effects in the brain and increases the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases. The cellular and molecular effects of METH in the brain are functionally linked to alterations in glutamate levels. Despite the well-documented effects of METH on glutamate neurotransmission, the underlying mechanism by which METH alters glutamate levels is not clearly understood. In this study, we report an essential role of proline biosynthesis in maintaining METH-induced glutamate homeostasis. We observed that acute METH exposure resulted in the induction of proline biosynthetic enzymes in both undifferentiated and differentiated neuronal cells. Proline level was also increased in these cells after METH exposure. Surprisingly, METH treatment did not increase glutamate levels nor caused neuronal excitotoxicity. However, METH exposure resulted in a significant upregulation of pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS), the key enzyme that catalyzes synthesis of proline from glutamate. Interestingly, depletion of P5CS by CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in a significant increase in glutamate levels upon METH exposure. METH exposure also increased glutamate levels in P5CS-deficient proline-auxotropic cells. Conversely, restoration of P5CS expression in P5CS-deficient cells abrogated the effect of METH on glutamate levels. Consistent with these findings, P5CS expression was significantly enhanced in the cortical brain region of mice administered with METH and in the slices of cortical brain tissues treated with METH. Collectively, these results uncover a key role of P5CS for the molecular effects of METH and highlight that excess glutamate can be sequestered for proline biosynthesis as a protective mechanism to maintain glutamate homeostasis during drug exposure.

scholarly journals The BEACH-containing protein WDR81 coordinates p62 and LC3C to promote aggrephagy

2017 ◽  
Vol 216 (5) ◽  
pp. 1301-1320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuezhao Liu ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Ruxiao Xing ◽  
Kai Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Developmental Disorder ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Striatal Neurons ◽  
Wd40 Repeat ◽  
Ubiquitinated Proteins ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain

Autophagy-dependent clearance of ubiquitinated and aggregated proteins is critical to protein quality control, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we report the essential role of the BEACH (beige and Chediak–Higashi) and WD40 repeat-containing protein WDR81 in eliminating ubiquitinated proteins through autophagy. WDR81 associates with ubiquitin (Ub)-positive protein foci, and its loss causes accumulation of Ub proteins and the autophagy cargo receptor p62. WDR81 interacts with p62, facilitating recognition of Ub proteins by p62. Furthermore, WDR81 interacts with LC3C through canonical LC3-interacting regions in the BEACH domain, promoting LC3C recruitment to ubiquitinated proteins. Inactivation of LC3C or defective autophagy results in accumulation of Ub protein aggregates enriched for WDR81. In mice, WDR81 inactivation causes accumulation of p62 bodies in cortical and striatal neurons in the brain. These data suggest that WDR81 coordinates p62 and LC3C to facilitate autophagic removal of Ub proteins, and provide important insights into CAMRQ2 syndrome, a WDR81-related developmental disorder.

The Role of Mitochondria in the Genesis of Neuroaxonal Dystrophy in the Brains of Aging Mice

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 372-373
Author(s):  
J.E. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dorsal Column ◽  
Neuroaxonal Dystrophy ◽  
Nucleus Gracilis ◽  
Dystrophic Axons ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Nucleus Cuneatus

Although neuroaxonal dystrophy (NAD) has been examined by light and electron microscopy for years, the nature of the components in the dystrophic axons is not well understood. The present report examines nucleus gracilis and cuneatus (the dorsal column nuclei) in the brain stem of aging mice.Mice (C57BL/6J) were sacrificed by aldehyde perfusion at ages ranging from 3 months to 23 months. Several brain areas and parts of other organs were processed for electron microscopy.At 3 months of age, very little evidence of NAD can be discerned by light microscopy. At the EM level, a few axons are found to contain dystrophic material. By 23 months of age, the entire nucleus gracilis is filled with dystrophic axons. Much less NAD is seen in nucleus cuneatus by comparison. The most recurrent pattern of NAD is an enlarged profile, in the center of which is a mass of reticulated material (reticulated portion; or RP).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document