scholarly journals Selective Production of Terephthalonitrile and Benzonitrile via Pyrolysis of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) with Ammonia over Ca(OH)2/Al2O3 Catalysts

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lujiang Xu ◽  
Xin-wen Na ◽  
Le-yao Zhang ◽  
Qian Dong ◽  
Guo-hua Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Fast Pyrolysis ◽  
Carboxyl Group ◽  
Gas Flow Rate ◽  
Ammonia Content ◽  
Catalyst Dosage ◽  
Carrier Gas Flow

A series of Ca(OH)2/Al2O3 catalysts were synthesized for selectively producing N-containing chemicals from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) via catalytic fast pyrolysis with ammonia (CFP-A) process. During the CFP-A process, the carboxyl group in PET plastic was efficiently utilized for the selective production of terephthalonitrile and benzonitrile by controlling the catalysts and pyrolysis parameters (e.g. temperature, residence time, ammonia content). The best conditions were selected as 2% Ca(OH)2/γ-Al2O3 (0.8 g), 500 °C under pure ammonia with 58.3 C% terephthalonitrile yield and 92.3% selectivity in nitriles. In addition, 4% Ca(OH)2/ Al2O3 was suitable for producing benzonitrile. With catalyst dosage of 1.2 g, residence time of 1.87 s, pyrolysis temperature of 650 °C and pure ammonia (160 mL/min carrier gas flow rate), the yield and selectivity of benzonitrile were 30.4 C% and 82.6%, respectively. The catalysts deactivated slightly after 4 cycles.

scholarly journals Effect of operating parameters on production of bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of maize stalk in bubbling fluidized bed reactor

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 88-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najaf Ali ◽  
Mahmood Saleem ◽  
Khurram Shahzad ◽  
Sadiq Hussain ◽  
Arshad Chughtai
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Fast Pyrolysis ◽  
Superficial Velocity ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Gas Flow Rate ◽  
Carrier Gas ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Carrier Gas Flow

Abstract The yield and composition of pyrolysis products depend on the characteristics of feed stock and process operating parameters. Effect of particle size, reaction temperature and carrier gas flow rate on the yield of bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of Pakistani maize stalk was investigated. Pyrolysis experiments were performed at temperature range of 360-540°C, feed particle size of 1-2 mm and carrier gas fl ow rate of 7.0-13.0 m3/h (0.61.1 m/s superficial velocity). Bio-oil yield increased with the increase of temperature followed by a decreasing trend. The maximum yield of bio-oil obtained was 42 wt% at a temperature of 490°C with the particle size of around 1.0 mm and carrier gas flow rate of 11.0 m3/h (0.9 m/s superficial velocity). High temperatures resulted in the higher ratios of char and non-condensable gas.

scholarly journals Bio Oil from Bio Waste (Mahua Oil Cake) Using Fast Pyrolysis Process

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 2525-2528
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Fast Pyrolysis ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Flow Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
Mahua Oil ◽  
Bio Oil

Biomass is a renewable resource utilized to produce bio fuel from bio waste. In this experiment, fixed bed fast pyrolysis is carried out on a model of mahua oil cake (MOC dimension) to conclude predominantly the consequences of pyrolysis temperature, MOC dimension and nitrogen gas flow rate from the pyrolysis yields. The temperature, MOC dimension and nitrogen gas flow rate were varied between 500 to 600 oC, 2 mm to 6 mm and 0.2 to 0.4 liter per min (lpm). The utmost oil yield of 25.90 wt % was attained for a nitrogen gas flow rate of 0.3 lpm, particle size of 4 mm and pyrolysis temperature of 550oC. The pyrolysis oil had a calorific value of 28180 KJ/kg. The pyrolysis gas may well be utilized as a gaseous fuel. In addition, the bio-oil was illustrated by elemental, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyzer.

The Physical Characteristics of Bio-Oil from Fast Pyrolysis of Rice Straw

2011 ◽  
Vol 328-330 ◽  
pp. 881-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shou Yin Yang ◽  
Chih Yung Wu ◽  
Kun Ho Chen
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Fast Pyrolysis ◽  
Gas Flow Rate ◽  
Carrier Gas ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Carrier Gas Flow

Rice straw is one of the main renewable energy sources in central and south Taiwan. In this study, bio-oil was produced from rice straw using a bench-scale plant that included a fluidized bed, a char removal system, and an oil collection system using an oil-recycling spray condenser. We investigated the effects of pyrolysis temperature and carrier gas flow rate on the distribution of products and on the properties of the bio-oil obtained. Experiments were conducted at reactor temperatures of 350–500 °C with carrier gas flow rates of 7.5–15 L/min and a feed rate of 1 kg/h. The results indicated that the optimum reaction temperature and carrier gas flow rate for the production of bio-oil were 450 °C and 10 L/min, respectively. The highest percentage of bio-oil in the products in these experiments was 41.3 wt%. The pH value of the bio-oil was ~4.1 and the viscosity was ~9 cSt (at 25 °C), depending on the storage time, temperature, and char content. This study establishes the operating parameters of a biomass fast pyrolysis system and provides some properties of rice straw bio-oil relevant to storage and use.

Copper Films Prepared by Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) Process Using Copper (Acetylacetonate) and Water Vapor as Reactants: The Impact of Water Vapor

1992 ◽  
Vol 282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Neng Chang
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Organic Chemical ◽  
Gas Flow Rate ◽  
Cu Films ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
Carrier Gas Flow ◽  
Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition

ABSTRACTBy using the strong reductive potential of copper acetylacetone (Cu(acac)2) when Cu(acac)2) was thermally decomposed, copper metal films were prepared by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) process using sublimed Cu(acac)2 vapor and water vapor as reactants, at one atmosphere pressure. According to thermodynamic calculations, Cu films could be prepared by MOCVD process with a high ratio of partial pressures for water vapor and Cu(acac)2 vapor (PH2O/Pcu(acac)2>30) In this paper, the impacts of MOCVD processing parameters such as watervapor partial pressure, total carrier gas flow rate, and precursor partial pressure on film composition and microstructure were investigated. Deposition temperature is the primary processing parameter affecting film stoichiometry. In a specific deposition temperature window, from 370°C to 400°C, polycrystalline Cu films with Cu [111] preferential orientation were deposited. ER and XRD results indicated that films deposited at temperature lower than 350°C contain copper oxide phase with poor crystal structure. By comparing the values of X-ray Auger Electron Spectroscopy (XAES) and Auger parameter (αAu) from photoelectrons of Cu films and standards from reference compounds, die principle oxidation state of copper in these films was determined as Cu(0). The deposition results indicated that a water vapor partial pressure above 10 torr is necessary to produce Cu films. As indicated by SEM, Increasing the carrier gas flow rate, above 600 sccm, can reduce the average temperature profile in the thermal boundary layer above the substrate surface, retard the gas phase reaction rate, presumably eliminate the homogeneous nucleation, and deposit smooth Cu films.

Evaluation of the optimal carrier gas flow rate for the carbon nanotubes growth

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Kurenya ◽  
D. V. Gorodetskiy ◽  
V. E. Arkhipov ◽  
A. V. Okotrub
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Gas Flow Rate ◽  
Carrier Gas ◽  
Carrier Gas Flow
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