scholarly journals ZnO/Ionic Liquid Catalyzed Biodiesel Production from Renewable and Waste Lipids as Feedstocks

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Casiello ◽  
Lucia Catucci ◽  
Francesco Fracassi ◽  
Caterina Fusco ◽  
Amelita Laurenza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transfer ◽  
Catalyst System ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Municipal Sewage Sludge ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Lipid Fractions ◽  
Tetrabutylammonium Iodide ◽  
Cooking Oils ◽  
Amphoteric Properties

A new protocol for biodiesel production is proposed, based on a binary ZnO/TBAI (TBAI = tetrabutylammonium iodide) catalytic system. Zinc oxide acts as a heterogeneous, bifunctional Lewis acid/base catalyst, while TBAI plays the role of phase transfer agent. Being composed by the bulk form powders, the whole catalyst system proved to be easy to use, without requiring nano-structuration or tedious and costly preparation or pre-activation procedures. In addition, due to the amphoteric properties of ZnO, the catalyst can simultaneously promote transesterification and esterification processes, thus becoming applicable to common vegetable oils (e.g., soybean, jatropha, linseed, etc.) and animal fats (lard and fish oil), but also to waste lipids such as cooking oils (WCOs), highly acidic lipids from oil industry processing, and lipid fractions of municipal sewage sludge. Reusability of the catalyst system together with kinetic (Ea) and thermodynamic parameters of activation (ΔG‡ and ΔH‡) are also studied for transesterification reaction.

Recent progress on biodiesel production from municipal sewage sludge

2021 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 110260
Author(s):  
Xiaoyan Liu ◽  
Fenfen Zhu ◽  
Rongyan Zhang ◽  
Luyao Zhao ◽  
Juanjuan Qi
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Municipal Sewage Sludge

scholarly journals Current State and Perspectives on Transesterification of Triglycerides for Biodiesel Production

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1121
Author(s):  
Mohammed Salaheldeen ◽  
Abdalbasit Adam Mariod ◽  
Mohamed Kheireddine Aroua ◽  
S. M. Ashrafur Rahman ◽  
Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Method ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Current State ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Cooking Oils ◽  
Practicable Method

Triglycerides are the main constituents of lipids, which are the fatty acids of glycerol. Natural organic triglycerides (viz. virgin vegetable oils, recycled cooking oils, and animal fats) are the main sources for biodiesel production. Biodiesel (mono alkyl esters) is the most attractive alternative fuel to diesel, with numerous environmental advantages over petroleum-based fuel. The most practicable method for converting triglycerides to biodiesel with viscosities comparable to diesel fuel is transesterification. Previous research has proven that biodiesel–diesel blends can operate the compression ignition engine without the need for significant modifications. However, the commercialization of biodiesel is still limited due to the high cost of production. In this sense, the transesterification route is a crucial factor in determining the total cost of biodiesel production. Homogenous base-catalyzed transesterification, industrially, is the conventional method to produce biodiesel. However, this method suffers from limitations both environmentally and economically. Although there are review articles on transesterification, most of them focus on a specific type of transesterification process and hence do not provide a comprehensive picture. This paper reviews the latest progress in research on all facets of transesterification technology from reports published by highly-rated scientific journals in the last two decades. The review focuses on the suggested modifications to the conventional method and the most promising innovative technologies. The potentiality of each technology to produce biodiesel from low-quality feedstock is also discussed.

Influence of antioxidant addition on the emissions of a diesel engine by using waste cooking oil biodiesel

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 732-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farah Halek ◽  
Ali Kavousi-Rahim
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Efficient Reduction ◽  
Cooking Oils

Biodiesel is a renewable energy resource consisting of the alkyl monoesters of fatty acids obtained from vegetable oils, waste cooking oils, or animal fats. Biodiesel has been noticed recently as an alternative to fossil fuels. Previous studies have shown that biodiesel produces less pollutants compared to diesel fuel. Biodiesel fuel increases the emission of NOx exceptionally. Recently, it has been found that antioxidant addition to biodiesel is a solution to solve the problem. The purpose of this research is to study the effect of antioxidants addition on the emissions of CO, HC, and NOx from biodiesel fuel. Exhaust emissions of an agriculture diesel engine were studied using biodiesel blend with a 500 ppm propyl gallate (PrG) (propyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate) and butylated hydroxy anisole (BhA) (2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol) as two major antioxidants. Biodiesel used in this research was prepared through NaOH catalyzed transesterification of a waste cooking oil that originally was taken from sunflower oil, with the assistance of ultrasonic homogenizer. After biodiesel production, five blends including neat diesel, B10, B20, B20 + 500 ppm PrG, and B20+ 500 ppm BhA were used as fuel and the emitted gases were analyzed. The results of this work demonstrated that the addition of antioxidants has no significant effect on lowering CO emission, as well as lowering HC; but the addition of antioxidants results in more efficient reduction of NOx emission from diesel exhaust. In general, BhA showed better results compared to PrG.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production Processes and Sustainable Raw Materials

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 4408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramos ◽  
Dias ◽  
Puna ◽  
Gomes ◽  
Bordado
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Alkyl Esters ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Cooking Oils

Energy security and environmental concerns, related to the increasing carbon emissions, have prompted in the last years the search for renewable and sustainable fuels. Biodiesel, a mixture of fatty acids alkyl esters shows properties, which make it a feasible substitute for fossil diesel. Biodiesel can be produced using different processes and different raw materials. The most common, first generation, biodiesel is produced by methanolysis of vegetable oils using basic or acid homogeneous catalysts. The use of vegetable oils for biodiesel production raises serious questions about biodiesel sustainability. Used cooking oils and animal fats can replace the vegetable oils in biodiesel production thus allowing to produce a more sustainable biofuel. Moreover, methanol can be replaced by ethanol being totally renewable since it can be produced by biomass fermentation. The substitution of homogeneous catalyzed processes, nowadays used in the biodiesel industry, by heterogeneous ones can contribute to improve the biodiesel sustainability with simultaneous cost reduction. From the existing literature on biodiesel production, it stands out that several strategies can be adopted to improve the sustainability of biodiesel. A literature review is presented to underline the strategies allowing to improve the biodiesel sustainability.

scholarly journals Direct liquid–liquid extraction of lipid from municipal sewage sludge for biodiesel production

2014 ◽  
Vol 128 ◽  
pp. 331-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Olkiewicz ◽  
Martin Pablo Caporgno ◽  
Agustí Fortuny ◽  
Frank Stüber ◽  
Azael Fabregat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Municipal Sewage Sludge ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction

A long-term chemical and infrared spectroscopy study on a soil amended with municipal sewage sludge

Agronomie ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Gigliotti ◽  
Pier Lodovico Giusquiani ◽  
Daniela Businelli
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Municipal Sewage Sludge ◽  
Spectroscopy Study

Biodiesel production from non-edible oils: A review

2020 ◽  
pp. 149-159
Author(s):  
Jatinder Kataria ◽  
Saroj Kumar Mohapatra ◽  
Amit Pal
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
The World

The limited fossil reserves, spiraling price and environmental impact due to usage of fossil fuels leads the world wide researchers’ interest in using alternative renewable and environment safe fuels that can meet the energy demand. Biodiesel is an emerging renewable alternative fuel to conventional diesel which can be produced from both edible and non-edible oils, animal fats, algae etc. The society is in dire need of using renewable fuels as an immediate control measure to mitigate the pollution level. In this work an attempt is made to review the requisite and access the capability of the biodiesel in improving the environmental degradation.

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