scholarly journals Dehydrogenation of Ethanol to Acetaldehyde over Different Metals Supported on Carbon Catalysts

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeerati Ob-eye ◽  
Piyasan Praserthdam ◽  
Bunjerd Jongsomjit
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Tubular Reactor ◽  
Packed Bed ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Ethanol Conversion ◽  
Carbon Catalyst ◽  
Metal Doped

Recently, the interest in ethanol production from renewable natural sources in Thailand has been receiving much attention as an alternative form of energy. The low-cost accessibility of ethanol has been seen as an interesting topic, leading to the extensive study of the formation of distinct chemicals, such as ethylene, diethyl ether, acetaldehyde, and ethyl acetate, starting from ethanol as a raw material. In this paper, ethanol dehydrogenation to acetaldehyde in a one-step reaction was investigated by using commercial activated carbon with four different metal-doped catalysts. The reaction was conducted in a packed-bed micro-tubular reactor under a temperature range of 250–400 °C. The best results were found by using the copper doped on an activated carbon catalyst. Under this specified condition, ethanol conversion of 65.3% with acetaldehyde selectivity of 96.3% at 350 °C was achieved. This was probably due to the optimal acidity of copper doped on the activated carbon catalyst, as proven by the temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD). In addition, the other three catalyst samples (activated carbon, ceria, and cobalt doped on activated carbon) also favored high selectivity to acetaldehyde (>90%). In contrast, the nickel-doped catalyst was found to be suitable for ethylene production at an operating temperature of 350 °C.

scholarly journals Pyrolysis of Microalgae Chlorella sp. using Activated Carbon as Catalyst for Biofuel Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-213
Author(s):  
Viqhi Aswie ◽  
Lailatul Qadariyah ◽  
Mahfud Mahfud
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Bubble Column ◽  
Packed Bed ◽  
Packed Bed Reactor ◽  
Carbon Catalyst ◽  
Chlorella Sp ◽  
Conventional Pyrolysis ◽  
Fraction Yield

Microalgae, as a potential raw material for biofuel, has several advantages compared to other biomass. One effective way to convert microalgae into biofuel is by thermal cracking or pyrolysis, and using a catalyst or not. So far, studies on the use of microalgae, that are converted into biofuels, is still use highly concentrated catalysts in packed bed reactors, which is not economical. Therefore, the aim of this study is to convert Chlorella sp. into biofuels with conventional pyrolysis without and using an activated carbon catalyst using packed bed reactor with bubble column. The reaction temperature is 400–600 °C, pyrolysis time is 1–4 hours, and the active carbon catalyst concentration is 0–2%. The 200 grams of Chlorella sp. and the catalyst was mixed in a fixed bed reactor under vacuum (−3 mm H20) condition. Next, we set the reaction temperature. When the temperature was reached, the pyrolysis was begun. After certain time was reached, the pyrolysis produced a liquid oil product. Oil products are measured for density and viscosity. The results showed that the conventional pyrolysis succeeded in converting microalgae Chlorella sp. into liquid biofuels. The highest yield of total liquid oil is obtained 50.2 % (heavy fraction yield, 43.75% and light fraction yield, 6.44%) at the highest conditions which was obtained with 1% activated carbon at a temperature and pyrolysis time of 3 hours. Physical properties of liquid biofuel are density of 0.88 kg/m3 and viscosity of 5.79 cSt. This physical properties are within the range of the national biodiesel standard SNI 7182-2012. The packed bed reactor completed with bubble column is the best choice for converting biofuel from microalgae, because it gives different fractions, so that it is easier to process further to the commercial biofuel stage. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 

scholarly journals Synthesis of activated carbon from biowaste of fir bark for methylene blue removal

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 190523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Luo ◽  
Xi Wu ◽  
Zeliang Li ◽  
Yalan Zhou ◽  
Tingting Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Koh Activation ◽  
Mb Adsorption

Activated carbon (AC) was successfully prepared from low-cost forestry fir bark (FB) waste using KOH activation method. Morphology and texture properties of ACFB were studied by scanning and high-resolution transmission electron microscopies (SEM and HRTEM), respectively. The resulting fir bark-based activated carbon (ACFB) demonstrated high surface area (1552 m 2 g −1 ) and pore volume (0.84 cm 3 g −1 ), both of which reflect excellent potential adsorption properties of ACFB towards methylene blue (MB). The effect of various factors, such as pH, initial concentration, adsorbent content as well as adsorption duration, was studied individually. Adsorption isotherms of MB were fitted using all three nonlinear models (Freundlich, Langmuir and Tempkin). The best fitting of MB adsorption results was obtained using Freundlich and Temkin. Experimental results showed that kinetics of MB adsorption by our ACFB adsorbent followed pseudo-second-order model. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained was 330 mg g −1 , which indicated that FB is an excellent raw material for low-cost production of AC suitable for cationic dye removal.

Silicon Carbide Whiskers Synthesized by Double-Heating Technique

2007 ◽  
Vol 336-338 ◽  
pp. 1294-1296
Author(s):  
Ru Zhao ◽  
Chang Hong Dai ◽  
Yi Cui ◽  
Zu Wei Song
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Conventional Heating ◽  
Silicon Carbide Whiskers ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Lower Temperature

A new technique of mass-producing silicon carbide whiskers at a low cost is introduced in this paper. Silicon carbide whiskers are synthesized by double-heating technique with the activated carbon and silica gel as raw material and CoCl2 as catalyst. The results indicate that the silicon carbide whiskers with the average diameter of 0.2μm, length of 10-50μm and high content of 81% can be obtained at a lower temperature of 1300°C and a shorter time of 1.5h. Compared with the conventional heating, the double-heating technique is suitable for realizing the scaled production because of the lower whiskerssynthesizing temperature, shorter reaction time and greater output.

Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon/Bentonite Composite

2012 ◽  
Vol 549 ◽  
pp. 703-706
Author(s):  
De Yi Zhang ◽  
Jing Wu ◽  
Bai Yi Chen ◽  
He Ming Luo ◽  
Kun Jie Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Heavy Metal Ions ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Carbon Particles ◽  
Prepared Composite

In this paper, a novel carbon/bentonite composite was prepared using sucrose as carbon source and bentonite as raw material. The characterization results shown that plenty of carbon particles distribute on the surface of the composite, and an abundant of functional groups, such as SO3H, carboxylic and hydroxyl groups, were successfully introduced onto the surface of the prepared composite. The adsorption capacity of the prepared composite for typical heavy metal ions and methylene blue deys also was investigated and compared with activated carbon and bentonite, the results show that the composite shows excellent adsorprion performance for heavy metal ions, and the adsorption capacity for Cu2+and Ni2+ increase by 136% and 591% than natural bentonite, respectSuperscript textively. The prepared composite with excellent adsorption performance could be used as a low-cost alternative to activated carbon for the treatment of heavy metal ions polluted wastewater.

scholarly journals Performane of Activated Carbon Adsorption in Removing of Organic Pollutants from River Water

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.20) ◽  
pp. 356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iqbal Khalaf Erabee ◽  
Saleem M. Ethaib
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
River Water ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Suspended Solid ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Activated Carbon Adsorption ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Date Pits

This study presents a water treatment process by using a down-flow fixed bed activated carbon contractor model. Two types of activated carbon (AC) used,  powder and granular activated carbon from date pits as a raw material, the parameters tested are biochemical oxygen demand (BOD),  chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solid (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS) and pH. The column  diameter and bed depths are made constant, whereas the size of activated carbon is varies. The obtained removal efficiencies for sample of river water are 39.8% of BOD, 41.8% of  COD, 81.8% of TSS  and 67.7% of TDS for granular AC. For powdered AC the removal efficiencies of parameters are 34.7% of BOD, 17.6% of COD, 72.7% of TSS and 50% of TDS. The granular AC made from date pits is the best activated carbon because of low cost of raw material and it is widely applied for usage in the water or wastewater treatment, as it is very effective in terms of cost and performance to cater the increasing demand of clean water.  

Performance of Activated Carbon Made from Gigantochloa verticillata Bamboo for Biogas Purification

2020 ◽  
Vol 1013 ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
I Putu Hari Wangsa ◽  
Tjokorda Gde Tirta Nindhia ◽  
Dewa Ngakan Ketut Putra Negara ◽  
I Wayan Surata
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Biogas Purification

Biogas is known to contain mainly methane (CH4), and other gas impurities such as carbon dioxide (CO2), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Biogas should be purified to remove gas impurities prior to be used as a fuel. Activated carbon is a famous biogas purifier. Commercial activated carbons are found expensive due to high cost during production. New routes for low cost production of activated carbon are still in progress. Many natural sources were explored for production of low cost and good quality activated carbon. One of the natural sources of raw material of activated carbon is bamboo. The bamboo from species of Gigantochloa verticillata from the tropical source of Indonesia was prepared for this purpose. The bamboo was cut from the tree, dried under the sun and cut to small pieces. The dried small pieces of bamboo cut were carbonized at 700 °C for 1.5 hours in air-tight chamber made from steel. The sample then was crushed and screen in 3 different particle sizes, namely: 150-250 mesh, 250-350 mesh and 350-450 mesh. About 100 gram of carbonized bamboo from these three variations were activated at 750°C for 1 hour in around 5100 cm3 steel chamber with nitrogen gas (N2) was flowed with rate 350 ml/minute. The result of activated carbon were analyzed by using TGA (thermo gravimetric analyses) for moisture, volatile, ash and fixed carbon composition test. The activated carbon then was set in acrylic tube for biogas purification. Around 200 liters of raw biogas were collected in PVC bag. The biogas was flowed with flow rate 500 mL/minute. The biogas composition before and after passing the activated carbon was measured in three time repetitions. The results indicate that the activated carbon made from Gigantochloa verticillata bamboo developed in this work is promising biogas purifier.

scholarly journals Removal of Dyes from Simulated Wastewater using Low Cost Activated Carbon Derived from Date Pits

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salam A. Mohammed ◽  
Fazal Mabood ◽  
Warda Abdlatef ◽  
Iman Wadi ◽  
Emad Yousif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Batch Process ◽  
Packed Bed ◽  
Thermal Treatments ◽  
Clean Environment ◽  
Simulated Waste ◽  
Date Pits

Abstract. There have been a lot of concerns regarding the pollution in aquatic resources. Since then, there has been a remarkable scientific work in order to remove all sorts of pollutants and offer a reasonably clean environment. In this effort, we show synthesis and characterization of activated carbon (AC) from date pits by various thermal treatments and two different porosities. Furthermore, we demonstrate the removal of four hazardous dyes from simulated waste water via adsorption using three packed bed column as semi batch process. The adsorption experiments demonstrated smooth running flow for the threated water and good removal efficiency for all dyes with some variations. These variations will be adequately displayed and discussed.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Low Cost-Activated Carbon Produced from Waste Tyres Pyrolysis for Removal of 2-Chlorophenol

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 443
Author(s):  
Kanchana Manirajah ◽  
Sheela V. Sukumaran ◽  
NorNasuha Abdullah ◽  
Hazirah A. Razak ◽  
Nurul Ainirazali
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Operational Mode ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Adsorbent Dosage ◽  
Effective Removal ◽  
Waste Tyres

A low cost Activated Carbon (AC) was prepared by using waste tyres as raw material for the removal of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP). The AC adsorbent was prepared and activated by pyrolysis process at 900 ºC under constant nitrogen flow. The physical properties of the AC produced was characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR). The influence of initial adsorbate concentration, pH and adsorbent dosage on the removal of 2-CP in the batch-operational mode at ambient temperature were also investigated. The results obtained showed the AC presence of an amorphous carbon with high BET surface area and a total pore volume of 208 m2.g-1 and 0.5817 cm3, respectively. The highest adsorption capacity of 2-CP by the AC absorbent was achieved at an initial concentration of 10 mg.L-1, pH 5, and adsorbent dosage of 0.5 g in the first 10 min of contact time. This finding proves that the low cost-AC produced from waste tyres can be utilized for an effective removal of chemical plant wastewater containing toxic chlorine substances. Copyright © 2019 BCREC Group. All rights reserved 

Preparation and Characterisation of Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized Carbon/Loess Composite

2011 ◽  
Vol 194-196 ◽  
pp. 1652-1655 ◽  
Author(s):  
De Yi Zhang ◽  
Ying Ma ◽  
Yi Wang ◽  
Hui Xia Feng ◽  
Jiao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Heavy Metal Ions ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Carbon Particles ◽  
Prepared Composite

In this paper, a novel sulfonic acid-functionalized carbon/loess composite was prepared using sucrose as carbon source and loess as raw material. The characterization results shown that plenty of carbon particles distribute on the surface of the composite, and an abundant of SO3H groups were successfully introduced onto the surface of the prepared composite through incomplete carbonization of sucrose and sulfonation of carbon particles. The adsorption capacity of the prepared composite for typical heavy metal ions also was investigated and compared with activated carbon, the results show that the composite shows excellent adsorprion performance, and the adsorption capacity for Fe3+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Ni2+can reach about 412%, 249%, 153%, 134% and 120% of the capacity of activated carbon, respectively. The prepared composite with excellent adsorption performance could be used as a low-cost alternative to activated carbon for the removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater.

Jet fuel range hydrocarbons production by co-pyrolysis of low density polyethylene and wheat straw over activated carbon catalyst

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erguang Huo ◽  
Chao Liu ◽  
Liyong Xin ◽  
Yayun Zhang ◽  
Yunfeng Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Solid Wastes ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Carbon Catalyst

High-efficiency and low-cost catalyst matters a great deal to convert solid wastes into high valued chemicals and biofuels. In this study, catalytic co-pyrolysis of wheat straw and low density polyethylene...

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