scholarly journals Microwave-Assisted Solvothermal Synthesis of UiO-66-NH2 and Its Catalytic Performance toward the Hydrolysis of a Nerve Agent Simulant

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zenghui Zhang ◽  
Cheng-An Tao ◽  
Jie Zhao ◽  
Fang Wang ◽  
Jian Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Catalytic Degradation ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Nitrophenyl Phosphate ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Zr-containing metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) exhibit a good performance of catalyzing the hydrolysis of chemical warfare agents, which is closely related to the size of MOF particles and its defects, but these two factors are often intertwined. In this article, we synthesized UiO-66-NH2 nanoparticles using a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. By using a new modulator 4-Fluoro-3-Formyl-Benzoic Acid (FFBA) in different proportions, MOF particles with the same defect degree but different scales and those with similar sizes but different defect degrees can be obtained. The performance of the obtained MOF particles to catalyze the hydrolysis of the nerve agent simulant, dimethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate (DMNP), was investigated, and the effects of single factors of size or defect were compared for the first time. As the size of the obtained MOF particles increased from 81 nm to 159 nm, the catalytic degradation efficiency toward DMNP gradually decreased, and the half-life increased from 3.9 min to 11.1 min. For MOFs that have similar crystal sizes, the catalytic degradation half-life of MOF3 is only 5 min, which is much smaller than that of MOF5 due to the defects increase from 1.2 to 1.8 per Zr6 cluster.

scholarly journals Investigating the breakdown of the nerve agent simulant methyl paraoxon and chemical warfare agents GB and VX using nitrogen containing bases

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (47) ◽  
pp. 9285-9291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Wilson ◽  
Nicholas J. Cooper ◽  
Michael E. Briggs ◽  
Andrew I. Cooper ◽  
Dave J. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

A range of nitrogen containing bases was tested for the hydrolysis of a nerve agent simulant, methyl paraoxon (MP), and the chemical warfare agents, GB and VX.

Catalytic degradation of chemical warfare agents and their simulants by metal-organic frameworks

2017 ◽  
Vol 346 ◽  
pp. 101-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangyang Liu ◽  
Ashlee J. Howarth ◽  
Nicholaas A. Vermeulen ◽  
Su-Young Moon ◽  
Joseph T. Hupp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metal Organic Frameworks ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Catalytic Degradation ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
Metal Organic

scholarly journals Facile Fabric Detoxification Treatment Method Using Microwave and Polyethyleneimine Against Nerve Gas Agents

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2861
Author(s):  
Woong Kwon ◽  
Changkyu Kim ◽  
Jiyun Kim ◽  
Jongwon Kim ◽  
Euigyung Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Nonwoven Fabric ◽  
Microwave Curing ◽  
Polypropylene Fabric ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
Amine Groups ◽  
Nerve Gas ◽  
Nerve Gas Agents

Generally, detoxification fabrics are defined as fabrics that remove or inhibit the production of toxic compounds, especially chemical warfare agents such as nerve gas agents. They are usually prepared using a complicated and time-consuming method. This study suggests a facile treatment method for preparing detoxification fabrics against nerve gas agents using polyethyleneimine and microwave curing. The detoxification properties of polyethyleneimine and microwave-treated polypropylene nonwoven fabric were evaluated using diisopropylfluoro-phosphate, which is a nerve agent simulant. The treated polypropylene fabric decontaminated 53.6% of diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) in 2 h at 32 °C, and the half-life of DFP on the surface of the treated fabric was 122 min. The result indicates that the treated fabric can act as a basic organocatalyst for the DFP hydrolysis and has a shorter half-life owing to the large number of amine groups. Therefore, the facile treatment method has the potential for use in the preparation of detoxification fabrics.

Future Considerations for the Medical Management of Nerve-Agent Intoxication

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 208-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pål Aas
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Nerve Agents ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
International Conflicts ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
The World ◽  
Warfare Agents

AbstractThe use of chemical warfare agents against civilians and unprotected troops in international conflicts or by terrorists against civilians is considered to be a real threat, particularly following the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001 against the World Trade Center in New York and against the Pentagon in Washington, DC. Over the past 10 years, terrorists have been planning to use or have used chemical warfare agents on several occasions around the world, and the attacks in 2001 illustrate their willingness to use any means of warfare to cause death and destruction among civilians. In spite of new international treaties with strong verification measures and with an aim to prohibit and prevent the use of weapons of mass destruction, nevertheless, some countries and terrorist groups have been able to develop, produce, and use such weapons, particularly nerve agents, in domestic terrorist attacks or during warfare in international conflicts. This article reviews current medical therapy for nerve-agent intoxication and discusses possible future improvement of medical therapies.Present medical counter-measures against nerve agents are not sufficiently effective particularly in protecting the brain. Therefore, new and more effective countermeasures must be developed to enable better medical treatment of civilians and military personnel following exposure to nerve agents. Therefore, it is important with an enhanced effort by all countries, to improve and increase research in medical countermeasures, in the development of protective equipment, and in carrying out regular training of medical and emergency personnel as well as of military nuclear, biological, or chemical (NBC) units. Only then will nations be able to reduce the risk from and prevent the use of such weapons of mass destruction (WMD).

Smart textiles of MOF/g-C3N4nanospheres for the rapid detection/detoxification of chemical warfare agents

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 356-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios A. Giannakoudakis ◽  
Yuping Hu ◽  
Marc Florent ◽  
Teresa J. Bandosz
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Smart Textiles ◽  
Cotton Textiles ◽  
Warfare Agents

Impregnated cotton textiles with a MOF based nanocomposite revealed a supreme multi-functionality to adsorb/degrade/sense vapors of a nerve agent surrogate.

scholarly journals Chemical weapon in the 20th and 21st centuries. Part 1. Chemical warfare agents before G nerve agent group discovery

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 95-118
Author(s):  
Marcin Kloske ◽  
Zygfryd Witkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Chemical Weapon ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
First World ◽  
Agent Group

The publication contains a synthesis of knowledge about chemical weapon and its use during the First World War and in the period after that war, until the nerve agent discovery. It describes chemical warfare agents (CWAs) that were discovered, produced, and used on the battlefield at that time. They are referred to as the first and second CWAs generation. Keywords: chemical weapon, chemical warfare agents, World War I, interwar period

One-flow upscaling neutralization of an organophosphonate-derived pesticide/nerve agent simulant to value-added chemicals in a novel Teflon microreactor platform

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brijesh M. Sharma ◽  
Se-Jun Yim ◽  
Arun Nikam ◽  
Gwang-Noh Ahn ◽  
Dong-Pyo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
Value Added Products

Synthesizing value-added products from chemical warfare agents is a concept well beyond the usual notion of simply neutralizing the agents.

scholarly journals Synthesis and characterization of TiO2/Mg(OH)2 composites for catalytic degradation of CWA surrogates

RSC Advances ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (33) ◽  
pp. 19542-19552
Author(s):  
Martin Šťastný ◽  
Václav Štengl ◽  
Jiří Henych ◽  
Jakub Tolasz ◽  
Martin Kormunda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Catalytic Degradation ◽  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
Toxic Chemical ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
Catalyzed Reactions

Surface catalyzed reactions can be a convenient way to deactivate toxic chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and remove them from the contaminated environment.

scholarly journals Evidence of VX nerve agent use from contaminated white mustard plants

2014 ◽  
Vol 470 (2168) ◽  
pp. 20140076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Gravett ◽  
Farrha B. Hopkins ◽  
Adam J. Self ◽  
Andrew J. Webb ◽  
Christopher M. Timperley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Degradation Products ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Methylphosphonic Acid ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
White Mustard ◽  
Chemical Weapons Convention ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
Polluted Sites ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

The Chemical Weapons Convention prohibits the development, production, acquisition, stockpiling, retention, transfer or use of chemical weapons by Member States. Verification of compliance and investigations into allegations of use require accurate detection of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and their degradation products. Detection of CWAs such as organophosphorus nerve agents in the environment relies mainly upon the analysis of soil. We now present a method for the detection of the nerve agent VX and its hydrolysis products by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry of ethanol extracts of contaminated white mustard plants ( Sinapis alba ) which retained the compounds of interest for up to 45 days. VX is hydrolysed by the plants to ethyl methylphosphonic acid and then to methylphosphonic acid. The utility of white mustard as a nerve agent detector and remediator of nerve agent-polluted sites is discussed. The work described will help deter the employment of VX in conflict.

scholarly journals Synthesis of macroscopic monolithic metal–organic gels for ultra-fast destruction of chemical warfare agents

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (36) ◽  
pp. 22125-22130
Author(s):  
Chuan Zhou ◽  
Shouxin Zhang ◽  
Hongjie Pan ◽  
Guang Yang ◽  
Lingyun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Hierarchically Porous ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
First Time

For the first time, we report hierarchically porous monolithic UiO-66-X xerogels for ultra-fast destruction of chemical warfare agents. The half-lives of the vesicant agent sulfur mustard (HD) and of the nerve agent VX are as short as 14.4 min and 1.5 min, respectively.

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