scholarly journals Polyamide 12/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube and Carbon Black Nanocomposites Manufactured by 3D Printing Fused Filament Fabrication: A Comparison of the Electrical, Thermoelectric, and Mechanical Properties

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Nectarios Vidakis ◽  
Markos Petousis ◽  
Lazaros Tzounis ◽  
Emmanuel Velidakis ◽  
Nikolaos Mountakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fracture Mechanisms ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Melt Mixing ◽  
Multiwalled Carbon ◽  
Electrically Conductive ◽  
Polyamide 12

In this study, nanocomposites with polyamide 12 (PA12) as the polymer matrix and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and carbon black (CB) at different loadings (2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 wt.%) as fillers, were produced in 3D printing filament form by melt mixing extrusion process. The filament was then used to build specimens with the fused filament fabrication (FFF) three-dimensional (3D) printing process. The aim was to produce by FFF 3D printing, electrically conductive and thermoelectric functional specimens with enhanced mechanical properties. All nanocomposites’ samples were electrically conductive at filler loadings above the electrical percolation threshold. The highest thermoelectric performance was obtained for the PA12/CNT nanocomposite at 10.0 wt.%. The static tensile and flexural mechanical properties, as well as the Charpy’s impact and Vickers microhardness, were determined. The highest improvement in mechanical properties was observed for the PA12/CNT nanocomposites at 5.0 wt.% filler loading. The fracture mechanisms were identified by fractographic analyses of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images acquired from fractured surfaces of tensile tested specimens. The nanocomposites produced could find a variety of applications such as; 3D-printed organic thermoelectric materials for plausible large-scale thermal energy harvesting applications, resistors for flexible circuitry, and piezoresistive sensors for strain sensing.

scholarly journals Sustainable Additive Manufacturing: Mechanical Response of Polyamide 12 over Multiple Recycling Processes

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 466
Author(s):  
Nectarios Vidakis ◽  
Markos Petousis ◽  
Lazaros Tzounis ◽  
Athena Maniadi ◽  
Emmanouil Velidakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Thermomechanical Process ◽  
Polyamide 12 ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Multiple Recycling

Plastic waste reduction and recycling through circular use has been critical nowadays, since there is an increasing demand for the production of plastic components based on different polymeric matrices in various applications. The most commonly used recycling procedure, especially for thermoplastic materials, is based on thermomechanical process protocols that could significantly alter the polymers’ macromolecular structure and physicochemical properties. The study at hand focuses on recycling of polyamide 12 (PA12) filament, through extrusion melting over multiple recycling courses, giving insight for its effect on the mechanical and thermal properties of Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) manufactured specimens throughout the recycling courses. Three-dimensional (3D) FFF printed specimens were produced from virgin as well as recycled PA12 filament, while they have been experimentally tested further for their tensile, flexural, impact and micro-hardness mechanical properties. A thorough thermal and morphological analysis was also performed on all the 3D printed samples. The results of this study demonstrate that PA12 can be successfully recycled for a certain number of courses and could be utilized in 3D printing, while exhibiting improved mechanical properties when compared to virgin material for a certain number of recycling repetitions. From this work, it can be deduced that PA12 can be a viable option for circular use and 3D printing, offering an overall positive impact on recycling, while realizing 3D printed components using recycled filaments with enhanced mechanical and thermal stability.

scholarly journals Fused Filament Fabrication Three-Dimensional Printing Multi-Functional of Polylactic Acid/Carbon Black Nanocomposites

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Nectarios Vidakis ◽  
Markos Petousis ◽  
Emmanuel Velidakis ◽  
Nikolaos Mountakis ◽  
Peder Erik Fischer-Griffiths ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Complex Geometry ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Melt Mixing ◽  
Screening Process ◽  
3D Printed

Conductive Polymer Composites (CPCs) have recently gained an extensive scientific interest as feedstock materials in Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) Three-dimensional (3D) printing. Polylactic Acid (PLA), widely used in FFF 3D printing, as well as its Carbon Black (CB) nanocomposites at different weight percentage (wt.%) filler loadings (0.5, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 wt.%), were prepared via a melt mixing filament extrusion process in this study and utilized to manufacture FFF 3D printed specimens. The nanocomposites were examined for their electrical conductivity. The highest loaded 3D printed CPC (5.0 wt.%) was tested as an electrothermal Joule heating device. Static tensile, flexural, Charpy’s impact and Vickers microhardness mechanical properties were investigated for the neat and PLA/CB 3D printed nanocomposites. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) revealed a stiffening mechanism for the PLA/CB nanocomposites. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) elucidated the samples’ internal and external microstructural characteristics. The PLA/CB 5.0 wt.% nanocomposite demonstrated also antibacterial properties, when examined with a screening process, against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). It can be envisaged that the 3D printed PLA/CB CPCs exhibited a multi-functional performance, and could open new avenues towards low-cost personalized biomedical objects with complex geometry, amongst others, i.e., surgery tools, splints, wearables, etc.

On effect of chemical-assisted mechanical blending of barium titanate and graphene in PVDF for 3D printing applications

2020 ◽  
pp. 089270572094537
Author(s):  
Ravinder Sharma ◽  
Rupinder Singh ◽  
Ajay Batish
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Barium Titanate ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Processing Temperature ◽  
Melt Mixing ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
The Comparative Study

The polyvinylidene difluoride + barium titanate (BaTiO3) +graphene composite (PBGC) is one of the widely explored thermoplastic matrix due to its 4D capabilities. The number of studies has been reported on the process parameters of twin-screw extruder (TSE) setup (as mechanical blending technique) for the development of PBGC in 3D printing applications. But, hitherto, little has been reported on chemical-assisted mechanical blending (CAMB) as solution mixing and melt mixing technique combination for preparation of PBGC. In this work, for preparation of PBGC feedstock filaments, CAMB has been used. Also, the effect of process parameters of TSE on the mechanical, dimensional, morphological, and thermal properties of prepared filament of PBGC have been explored followed by 3D printing. Further, a comparative study has been reported for the properties of prepared filaments with mechanically blended composites. Similarly, the mechanical properties of 3D printed parts of chemically and mechanically blended composites have been compared. The results of tensile testing for CAMB of PBGC show that the filament prepared with 15% BaTiO3 is having maximum peak strength 43.00 MPa and break strength 38.73 MPa. The optical microphotographs of the extruded filaments revealed that the samples prepared at 180°C extruder temperature and 60 r/min screw speed have minimum porosity, as compared to filaments prepared at high extruder temperature. Further, the results of the comparative study revealed that the filaments of CAMB composites show better mechanical properties as compared to the filaments of mechanically mixed composites. However, the dimensional properties were almost similar in both cases. It was also found that the CAMB composites have better properties at low processing temperature, whereas mechanically blended composites show better results at a higher temperature. While comparing 3D printed parts, tensile strength of specimens fabricated from CAMB was more than the mechanically blended PBGC.

Fused filament fabrication: A comprehensive review

2020 ◽  
pp. 089270572097062
Author(s):  
Sudhir Kumar ◽  
Rupinder Singh ◽  
TP Singh ◽  
Ajay Batish
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Smart Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
View Point ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Smart Composites ◽  
Complex Design

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is one of the low cost additive manufacturing (AM) techniques capable of printing complex design (both with commercial and non-commercial feedstock filaments by using different processing parameters). In this paper a comprehensive review has been prepared on FFF operating capabilities from thermoplastics material’s view point. Various thermoplastic materials and composites available commercially and prepared at laboratory scale have been categorized based upon the reported studies performed (for thermal stability, mechanical properties etc.). It was observed that the nano composite based feed stock filament (prepared at lab scale) have edge over the micro-composites from thermo-mechanical properties view point. Further it has been noticed that the 3D printing is in changing phase and moving towards 4D printing of smart composites and designs. But hitherto little has been reported on printing of smart material with FFF platform. Further studies may be focused on printing of smart materials (both micro and nano composites) with FFF, as the low cost 3D printing solution in different engineering applications.

Evaluation of mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of multiwalled carbon nanotube-based ethylene–propylene copolymer composites mixed by masterbatch dilution

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (29) ◽  
pp. 4093-4101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maija Hoikkanen ◽  
Minna Poikelispää ◽  
Amit Das ◽  
Uta Reuter ◽  
Wilma Dierkes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Melt Mixing ◽  
Multiwalled Carbon ◽  
Mixing Processes ◽  
Ethylene Propylene ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical ◽  
Mixing Method

A two-step masterbatch mixing technique was studied for preparation of carbon nanotube-filled ethylene–propylene diene elastomer compounds, and compared to conventional one-step mixing process. In the two-step process, a masterbatch compound with carbon nanotube content of 50 parts per hundred was prepared by melt-mixing ethylene–propylene diene elastomer. This material was then compounded with pristine ethylene–propylene diene elastomer and composites with different carbon nanotube concentrations were compared. The aim of this study is to compare the efficiency of two different mixing processes on the dispersion of carbon nanotubes and to facilitate the handling of carbon nanotubes, as the masterbatch can be prepared in a controlled way and used for further dilution without the problems related to carbon nanotube processing. The compound properties were studied with emphasis on mechanical characterization and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. Masterbatch mixing resulted in the similar mechanical properties of the composites compared to the direct mixing method. At the relatively low loadings of carbon nanotubes, the considerable improvements of the mechanical properties were observed. The aspect ratio of the carbon nanotubes determined by transmission electron microscope was found to be similar to the one calculated from the Guth equation. It showed a considerable reduction in aspect ratio independent of the used mixing method.

STRAIN-INDUCED CRYSTALLIZATION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NBR COMPOSITES WITH CARBON NANOTUBE AND CARBON BLACK

2012 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Ryeoul Ryu ◽  
Jong-Whan Sung ◽  
Dong-Joo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Multiwalled Carbon ◽  
Extension Ratio ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Strain Induced Crystallization ◽  
Induced Crystallization

Abstract The mechanical properties and strain-induced crystallization (SIC) of elastomeric composites were investigated as functions of the extension ratio (λ), multiwalled carbon nanotube (CNT) content, and carbon black (CB) content. The tensile strength and modulus gradually increase with increasing CNT content when compared with the matrix and the filled rubbers with same amount of CB. Both properties of rubber with CB and CNT show the magnitude of each CNT and CB component following the Pythagorean Theorem. The ratio of tensile modulus is much higher than that of tensile strength because of the CNT shape/orientation and an imperfect adhesion between CNT and rubber. The tensile strength and modulus of the composite with a CNT content of 9 phr increases up to 31% and 91%, respectively, compared with the matrix. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis reveals that the degree of SIC increases with an increase in CNT content. Mechanical properties have a linear relation with the latent heat of crystallization (LHc), depending on the CNT content. As the extension ratio increases, the glass-transition temperature (Tg) of the composite increases for CB- and CNT-reinforced cases. However, the LHc has a maximum of λ = 1.5 for the CNT-reinforced case, which relates to a CNT shape and an imperfect adhesion with rubber. Based on these results, the reinforcing mechanisms of CNT and CB are discussed.

Experimental Investigation on the Electrical and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of PMN/Electrically Conductive Carbon Black/Butyl Composites

2007 ◽  
Vol 351 ◽  
pp. 171-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Bing Wang ◽  
Zhi Xiong Huang ◽  
Yan Qin ◽  
Ming Du ◽  
Lian Meng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Loss Factor ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Electrically Conductive ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Conductive Carbon Black ◽  
Three Phase

In this paper, a three-phase composite with electrically conductive carbon black (ECCB) and piezoelectric ceramic particles, PMN, embedded into butyl (PMN/ECCB/IIR) was prepared by simple blend and mold-press process. Dynamic mechanical properties with various ECCB loading were tested by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). DMA shows that the ECCB loading has remarkable effect on the dynamic mechanical properties of the three-phase composite. The temperature range of loss factor (tanδ) above 0.3 the composite was broadened by almost 100°C and the maximum of loss factor shifts to higher temperature in the testing temperature range respectively with increasing the ECCB loading. The piezoelectric damping theory was used to explain the experimental results. The three-phase composites with proper composition can be used as high damping polymer materials.

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