scholarly journals Carbon Allotropes as ITO Electrode Replacement Materials in Liquid Crystal Devices

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Ingo Dierking
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Indium Tin Oxide ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Mobile Technologies ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Liquid Crystal Devices ◽  
The Future ◽  
Technical Specifications ◽  
Carbon Based

Indium tin oxide (ITO)-free optoelectronic devices have been discussed for a number of years in the light of a possible indium shortage as demand rises. In particular, this is due to the largely increased number of flat panel displays and especially liquid crystal displays (LCDs) being produced for home entertainment TV and mobile technologies. While a shortage of primary indium seems far on the horizon, nevertheless, recycling has become an important issue, as has the development of ITO-free electrode materials, especially for flexible liquid crystal devices. The main contenders for new electrode technologies are discussed with an emphasis placed on carbon-based materials for LCDs, including composite approaches. At present, these already fulfil the technical specifications demanded from ITO with respect to transmittance and sheet resistance, albeit not in relation to cost and large-scale production. Advantages and disadvantages of ITO-free technologies are discussed, with application examples given. An outlook into the future suggests no immediate transition to carbon-based electrodes in the area of LCDs, while this may change in the future once flexible displays and environmentally friendly smart window solutions or energy harvesting building coverings become available.

scholarly journals Liquid Crystal Devices for Beam Steering Applications

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 247
Author(s):  
Rowan Morris ◽  
Cliff Jones ◽  
Mamatha Nagaraj
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Liquid Crystals ◽  
Adaptive Optics ◽  
Beam Steering ◽  
Optical Components ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Liquid Crystal Devices

Liquid crystals are valuable materials for applications in beam steering devices. In this paper, an overview of the use of liquid crystals in the field of adaptive optics specifically for beam steering and lensing devices is presented. The paper introduces the properties of liquid crystals that have made them useful in this field followed by a more detailed discussion of specific liquid crystal devices that act as switchable optical components of refractive and diffractive types. The relative advantages and disadvantages of the different devices and techniques are summarised.

scholarly journals Progress in the Field of Micro-Electrocorticography

Micromachines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Shokoueinejad ◽  
Dong-Wook Park ◽  
Yei Jung ◽  
Sarah Brodnick ◽  
Joseph Novello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indium Tin Oxide ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Brain Computer Interface ◽  
Electrode Array ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Computer Interface ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Signal Acquisition ◽  
Electrode Arrays ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

Since the 1940s electrocorticography (ECoG) devices and, more recently, in the last decade, micro-electrocorticography (µECoG) cortical electrode arrays were used for a wide set of experimental and clinical applications, such as epilepsy localization and brain–computer interface (BCI) technologies. Miniaturized implantable µECoG devices have the advantage of providing greater-density neural signal acquisition and stimulation capabilities in a minimally invasive fashion. An increased spatial resolution of the µECoG array will be useful for greater specificity diagnosis and treatment of neuronal diseases and the advancement of basic neuroscience and BCI research. In this review, recent achievements of ECoG and µECoG are discussed. The electrode configurations and varying material choices used to design µECoG arrays are discussed, including advantages and disadvantages of µECoG technology compared to electroencephalography (EEG), ECoG, and intracortical electrode arrays. Electrode materials that are the primary focus include platinum, iridium oxide, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), indium tin oxide (ITO), and graphene. We discuss the biological immune response to µECoG devices compared to other electrode array types, the role of µECoG in clinical pathology, and brain–computer interface technology. The information presented in this review will be helpful to understand the current status, organize available knowledge, and guide future clinical and research applications of µECoG technologies.

scholarly journals Recent Advances and Perspectives of Carbon-Based Nanostructures as Anode Materials for Li-ion Batteries

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1229 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Selva Roselin ◽  
Ruey-Shin Juang ◽  
Chien-Te Hsieh ◽  
Suresh Sagadevan ◽  
Ahmad Umar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anode Materials ◽  
Carbon Nanomaterials ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Li Ion Battery ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
Carbon Based

Rechargeable batteries are attractive power storage equipment for a broad diversity of applications. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are widely used the superior rechargeable battery in portable electronics. The increasing needs in portable electronic devices require improved Li-ion batteries with excellent results over many discharge-recharge cycles. One important approach to ensure the electrodes’ integrity is by increasing the storage capacity of cathode and anode materials. This could be achieved using nanoscale-sized electrode materials. In the article, we review the recent advances and perspectives of carbon nanomaterials as anode material for Lithium-ion battery applications. The first section of the review presents the general introduction, industrial use, and working principles of Li-ion batteries. It also demonstrates the advantages and disadvantages of nanomaterials and challenges to utilize nanomaterials for Li-ion battery applications. The second section of the review describes the utilization of various carbon-based nanomaterials as anode materials for Li-ion battery applications. The last section presents the conclusion and future directions.

Indium–tin oxide surface treatments: Effects on the performance of liquid crystal devices

2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 538-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Abderrahmen ◽  
F.F. Romdhane ◽  
H. Ben Ouada ◽  
A. Gharbi
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Tin Oxide ◽  
Indium Tin Oxide ◽  
Surface Treatments ◽  
Oxide Surface ◽  
Liquid Crystal Devices

scholarly journals Electro-optical characteristics of a liquid crystal cell with graphene electrodes

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 2802-2806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nune H Hakobyan ◽  
Hakob L Margaryan ◽  
Valeri K Abrahamyan ◽  
Vladimir M Aroutiounian ◽  
Arpi S Dilanchian Gharghani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Optical Communication ◽  
Indium Tin Oxide ◽  
Liquid Crystal Cell ◽  
Liquid Crystal Devices ◽  
Transparent Conducting ◽  
Chemical Inertness ◽  
Excellent Candidate ◽  
Orientation Boundary ◽  
Ito Films

In liquid crystal devices (LCDs) the indium tin oxide (ITO) films are traditionally used as transparent and conductive electrodes. However, today, due to the development of multichannel optical communication, the need for flexible LCDs and multilayer structures has grown. For this application ITO films cannot be used in principle. For this problem, graphene (an ultrathin material with unique properties, e.g., high optical transparency, chemical inertness, excellent conductivity) is an excellent candidate. In this work, the electro-optical and dynamic characteristics of a liquid crystal (LC) cell with graphene and ITO transparent conducting layers are investigated. To insure uniform thickness of the LC layer, as well as the same orientation boundary conditions, a hybrid LC cell containing graphene and ITO conductive layers has been prepared. The characteristics of LC cells with both types of conducting layers were found to be similar, indicating that graphene can be successfully used as a transparent conductive layer in LC devices.

Can trust become a factor of economic growth? Dynamic changes in the level of trust of Russian youth

2020 ◽  
pp. 92-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Bakhtigaraeva ◽  
A. A. Stavinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Generalized Trust ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Future ◽  
Analysis Of Dynamics

The article considers the role of trust in the economy, the mechanisms of its accumulation and the possibility of using it as one of the growth factors in the future. The advantages and disadvantages of measuring the level of generalized trust using two alternative questions — about trusting people in general and trusting strangers — are analyzed. The results of the analysis of dynamics of the level of generalized trust among Russian youth, obtained within the study of the Institute for National Projects in 10 regions of Russia, are presented. It is shown that there are no significant changes in trust in people in general during the study at university. At the same time, the level of trust in strangers falls, which can negatively affect the level of trust in the country as a whole, and as a result have negative effects on the development of the economy in the future. Possible causes of the observed trends and the role of universities are discussed. Also the question about the connection between the level of education and generalized trust in countries with different quality of the institutional environment is raised.

Research Situation Analysis of On-line Detection Technology for Power Transformer Winding Deformation

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 823-832
Author(s):  
Zhenhua Li ◽  
Weihui Jiang ◽  
Li Qiu ◽  
Zhenxing Li ◽  
Yanchun Xu
Keyword(s):  
Detection Method ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Line Detection ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Detection Technology ◽  
The Future ◽  
Transformer Winding ◽  
On Line ◽  
Winding Deformation

Background: Winding deformation is one of the most common faults in power transformers, which seriously threatens the safe operation of transformers. In order to discover the hidden trouble of transformer in time, it is of great significance to actively carry out the research of transformer winding deformation detection technology. Methods: In this paper, several methods of winding deformation detection with on-line detection prospects are summarized. The principles and characteristics of each method are analyzed, and the advantages and disadvantages of each method as well as the future research directions are expounded. Finally, aiming at the existing problems, the development direction of detection method for winding deformation in the future is prospected. Results: The on-line frequency response analysis method is still immature, and the vibration detection method is still in the theoretical research stage. Conclusion: The ΔV − I1 locus method provides a new direction for on-line detection of transformer winding deformation faults, which has certain application prospects and practical engineering value.

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