scholarly journals Activated Carbons Derived from High-Temperature Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian Contescu ◽  
Shiba Adhikari ◽  
Nidia Gallego ◽  
Neal Evans ◽  
Bryan Biss
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Biomass Pyrolysis ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Carbon Yield ◽  
Quercus Prinus ◽  
Activation Conditions

Biomass pyrolysis to produce biofuel and hydrogen yields large amounts of charred byproducts with low commercial value. A study was conducted to evaluate their potential for being converted into higher value activated carbons by a low-cost process. Six chars derived from various lignocellulosic precursors were activated in CO2 at 800 °C to 30–35% weight loss, and their surface area and porosity were characterized by nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. It was found that, in similar activation conditions, the surface area of the activated carbons correlates with the activation energy of the oxidation reaction by CO2, which in turn varies inversely with the carbon yield after thermolysis in nitrogen at 1000 °C. Since lignin is the most thermally-stable component of lignocellulosic biomass, these results demonstrate, indirectly, that robust, lignin-rich vegetal precursors are to be preferred to produce higher quality activated carbons. The chars derived from white pine (pinus strobus) and chestnut oak (quercus prinus) were converted to activated carbons with the highest surface area (900–1100 m2/g) and largest mesopores volume (0.85–1.06 cm3/g). These activated carbons have properties similar to those of commercially-available activated carbons used successfully for removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions.

Synthesis of Novel Core-Shell Structured Hydroxyapatite/Meso-Silica for Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions

2012 ◽  
Vol 463-464 ◽  
pp. 543-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Feng Li ◽  
Xiao Lu Ge ◽  
Shu Guang Liu ◽  
Fei Yu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Core Shell ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

Core-shell structured hydroxyapatite (HA)/meso-silica was prepared and used as absorbance of methylene blue (MB). HA/meso-silica was synthesized in three steps: preparation of nano-sized HA by wet precipitation method, coating of dense silica and deposition of meso-silica shell on HA. As-received samples were characterized by Fourier transformed infare spectra, small angle X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm and transmission electron microscopy. A wormhole framework mesostructure was found for HA/meso-silica. The specific surface area and pore volume were 128 m2•g-1 and 0.36 cm3•g-1, respectively. From the adsorption isotherm, HA/meso-silica with the great specific surface area exhibited a prominent adsorption capacity of MB (134.0 mg/g) in comparison with bare HA (0 mg/g). This study might shed light on surface modification of conventional low-cost adsorbents for removal of organic pollutants from aqueous solutions.

scholarly journals Optimisation of durian peel based activated carbon preparation conditions for dye removal

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
Phung Thi Kim Le ◽  
Kien Anh Le
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Dye Removal ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Impregnation Ratio ◽  
Carbon Production ◽  
Removal Capacity

Agricultural wastes are considered to be a very important feedstock for activated carbon production as they are renewable sources and low cost materials. This study present the optimize conditions for preparation of durian peel activated carbon (DPAC) for removal of methylene blue (MB) from synthetic effluents. The effects of carbonization temperature (from 673K to 923K) and impregnation ratio (from 0.2 to 1.0) with potassium hydroxide KOH on the yield, surface area and the dye adsorbed capacity of the activated carbons were investigated. The dye removal capacity was evaluated with methylene blue. In comparison with the commercial grade carbons, the activated carbons from durian peel showed considerably higher surface area especially in the suitable temperate and impregnation ratio of activated carbon production. Methylene blue removal capacity appeared to be comparable to commercial products; it shows the potential of durian peel as a biomass source to produce adsorbents for waste water treatment and other application. Optimize condition for preparation of DPAC determined by using response surface methodology was at temperature 760 K and IR 1.0 which resulted the yield (51%), surface area (786 m2/g), and MB removal (172 mg/g).

scholarly journals Thermodynamic Behaviors of Adsorbed Methane Storage Systems Based on Nanoporous Carbon Adsorbents Prepared from Coconut Shells

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2243
Author(s):  
Ilya Men’shchikov ◽  
Andrey Shkolin ◽  
Evgeny Strizhenov ◽  
Elena Khozina ◽  
Sergey Chugaev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Storage Tank ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Methane Adsorption ◽  
Carbon Adsorbents ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Coconut Shells ◽  
Activation Conditions ◽  
Charge Discharge

The present work focused on the experimental study of the performance of a scaled system of adsorbed natural gas (ANG) storage and transportation based on carbon adsorbents. For this purpose, three different samples of activated carbons (AC) were prepared by varying the size of coconut shell char granules and steam activation conditions. The parameters of their porous structure, morphology, and chemical composition were determined from the nitrogen adsorption at 77 K, X-ray diffraction (XRD), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements. The methane adsorption data measured within the temperature range from 178 to 360 K and at pressures up to 25 MPa enabled us to identify the most efficient adsorbent among the studied materials: AC-90S. The differential heats of methane adsorption on AC-90S were determined in order to simulate the gas charge/discharge processes in the ANG system using a mathematical model with consideration for thermal effects. The results of simulating the charge/discharge processes under two different conditions of heat exchange are consistent with the experimentally determined temperature distribution over a scaled ANG storage tank filled with the compacted AC-90S adsorbent and equipped with temperature sensors and heat-exchanger devices. The amounts of methane delivered from the ANG storage system employing AC-90S as an adsorbent differ from the model predictions by 4–6%. Both the experiments and mathematical modeling showed that the thermal regulation of the ANG storage tank ensured the higher rates of charge/discharge processes compared to the thermal insulation.

scholarly journals Porosity Characteristics of Activated Carbons Derived from Olive Oil Wastes Impregnated with H3PO4

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laila B. Khalil ◽  
Badie S. Girgis ◽  
Tarek A.M. Tawfik
Keyword(s):  
Olive Oil ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Bond Cleavage ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption Isotherms

Locally discarded olive oil waste was tested as a potential raw material for the preparation of activated carbons. Chemical activation by impregnation with H3PO4 was employed using acid solutions of varying concentration in the range 30–70% followed by thermal treatment at 500–700°C. The development of porosity was followed from an analysis of the nitrogen adsorption isotherms obtained at 77 K by applying standard BET and t-plot methods. Carbons with low to moderate surface areas (273–827 m2/g) and total pore volumes (0.27–0.69 ml/g), containing essentially micropores with diameters of 8.2 Å up to 12.4 Å were obtained. Increasing the concentration of impregnant led to the development of porosity with the optimum being attained at 60% H3PO4. Phosphoric acid is visualized as acting both as an acid catalyst promoting bond-cleavage reactions and the formation of new crosslinks and also as a reactant which combines with organic species to form phosphate and polyphosphate bridges which connect and crosslink biopolymer fragments. The present study suggests many applications for environmental pollution control, firstly by utilizing accumulating low-cost agricultural by-products and secondly by producing a multi-purpose high-capacity adsorbent useful in the remediation of micropollutants in various water courses.

scholarly journals Comparison of Surface and Structural Properties of Carbonaceous Materials Prepared by Chemical Activation of Tomato Paste Waste: The Effects of Activator Type and Impregnation Ratio

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurgul Ozbay ◽  
Adife Seyda Yargic
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Point Of Zero Charge ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tomato Paste

Activated carbons were prepared by carbonization of tomato paste processing industry waste at 500°C followed by chemical activation with KOH, K2CO3, and HCl in N2 atmosphere at low temperature (500°C). The effects of different activating agents and impregnation ratios (25, 50, and 100 wt.%) on the materials’ characteristics were examined. Precursor, carbonized tomato waste (CTW), and activated carbons were characterized by using ultimate and proximate analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG), Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, point of zero charge measurements (pHPZC), particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Activation process improved pore formation and changed activated carbons’ surface characteristics. Activated carbon with the highest surface area (283 m3/g) was prepared by using 50 wt.% KOH as an activator. According to the experimental results, tomato paste waste could be used as an alternative precursor to produce low-cost activated carbon.

scholarly journals Carbon-containing Hydroxyapatite Obtained from Fish Bone as Low-cost Mesoporous Material for Methylene Blue Adsorption

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukhamad Nurhadi ◽  
Ratna Kusumawardani ◽  
Wirhanuddin Wirhanuddin ◽  
Rahmat Gunawan ◽  
Hadi Nur
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Mesoporous Structure ◽  
Fish Bone ◽  
Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles ◽  
Adsorption Model ◽  
East Kalimantan

The carbon-containing hydroxyapatite has been synthesized using the fish bone obtained from East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The synthesis was conducted at varying calcination temperature (300-700 °C) and duration time (1-5 h). The carbon-containing hydroxyapatite were characterized by using Nitrogen adsorption-desorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Differential thermal analysis (DTA). The carbon-containing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles consisted of the mesoporous structure with a specific surface area of 159 m2.g-1 and pore size of 44 Å. The carbon-containing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were utilized as the adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue by varying the contact time, initial dye concentration, pH, adsorbent dosage and temperature. The maximum amount of adsorption capacity was 56.49 mg.g-1. The adsorption was well fitted with the Langmuir adsorption model (R2 ~ 0.998) and the pseudo-second-order model. This indicated that the dye molecules were adsorbed on the surface-active site of carbon-containing hydroxyapatite via chemical binding, forming an adsorbate monolayer. Hence, the adsorption capability corresponds to the physical properties such as the surface area and pore volume of hydroxyapatite because the larger surface area consists of higher binding sites for the adsorption. Thermodynamic parameters, including the Gibbs free energy (ΔG), enthalpy (ΔH), and entropy (ΔS), indicated that the adsorption of methylene blue onto the carbon-containing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles was spontaneous. Thus, carbon-containing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles can be applied as a low-cost adsorbent for the treatment of industrial effluents that are contaminated with the methylene blue. Copyright © 2019 BCREC Group. All rights reserved 

scholarly journals Low cost activated carbon prepared from Dipterocarpus alatus fruit

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (SI3) ◽  
pp. first
Author(s):  
Yuvarat Ngernyen ◽  
Werawit Phiewruangnont ◽  
Narathorn Mahantadsanapong ◽  
Chantakorn Patawat ◽  
Ketsara Silakate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Average Pore Size ◽  
Carbon Adsorbents ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Maximum Surface ◽  
Dipterocarpus Alatus

Dipterocarpus alatus tree grows prolifically throughout Thailand and can be tapped to yield significant quantities of oil to be used as natural diesel. However, such practices lead to waste dried fruit dropping from the tree. At present, there is no utilization of this dropped fruit, therefore costeffective processes need to be applied to obtain higher value products from this waste. A possible to utilization is the conversion to activated carbon for adsorption applications including the removal of heavy metals, dyes, and other contaminants in water purification and other decontamination process. A major challenge of current commercial activated carbon is the high production cost and recently it has been shown that chemical activators comprise a significant proportion of these costs. This feasibility study investigates the use of Dipterocarpus alatus fruit as raw material to produce low cost activated carbon adsorbents. Activated carbon was prepared from Dipterocarpus alatus fruit: endocarp, mesocarp, and wing by chemical activation with ZnCl2, FeCl3, and KOH. Each part of the fruit was impregnated with 30 wt% activating agent at a ratio of 1:2 for 1 h and then carbonized at 500 oC for a further 1 h. The surface area, pore volume, and average pore size of the resulting carbons were characterized by nitrogen gas adsorption. Activation of mesocarp with ZnCl2, KOH, and FeCl3 gave activated carbons with the surface area of 447, 256, and 199 m2/g, respectively. In the same way, ZnCl2 activation gave a maximum surface area of 312 and 278 m2/g for wing and endocarp, respectively. All of the aforementioned samples have an average pore size of around 2 nm. In contrast, KOH and FeCl3 activation of wing and endocarp produced activated carbon with very low surface area (below 25 m2/g), but with an average pore size of 5- 14 nm. The maximum surface area of activated carbon prepared from Dipterocarpus alatus fruit was higher than some literature examples for activated carbon from other biomass. Consequently, Dipterocarpus alatus fruit demonstrated significant potential as a feedstock for the preparation of low cost activated carbons.

scholarly journals The effects of activation conditions on physical properties of activated carbon

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 7640-7647
Author(s):  
Yan Luo ◽  
Kang Wang ◽  
Ling Fei
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Pore Volume ◽  
Specific Volume ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Activation Conditions

Porous carbons with a high porosity were successfully produced from fast pyrolysis pine wood char via a thermochemical method in which KOH was used as chemical activator. The effects of various weight ratios of KOH to pyrolysis char (0.65:1, 0.7:1, 1.0:1, 1.35:1, and 1.7:1) on the physical properties of activated carbons were investigated. When the weight ratio of KOH to pyrolysis char was 1.35:1, the prepared activated carbon had the highest surface area of 1140 m2/g with a total pore volume of 0.71 cm3/g, a microporous surface area of 957 m2/g, and a microporous specific volume of 0.51 cm3/g. As the weight ratio of KOH to pyrolysis char increased from 0.65 to 1.35, the prepared activated carbon had increases in total surface area, total pore volume, microporous surface area, and specific volume of micropores. However, there was a reverse trend when the weight ratio of KOH to pyrolysis char was higher than 1.35. The use of nitrogen as a flow gas resulted in much more developed activated carbon than without nitrogen. The experiment results suggested that activated carbon with high surface area could be prepared from pyrolysis char by adjusting the activation conditions.

scholarly journals The Role of the Aluminum Source on the Physicochemical Properties of γ-AlOOH Nanoparticles

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Rafael Romero Toledo ◽  
Luis M. Anaya Esparza ◽  
J. Merced Martínez Rosales
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Aluminum Salts ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

The effect on the physicochemical properties of aluminum salts on the synthesis of γ-AlOOH nanostructures has been investigated in detail using a hydrolysis-precipitation method. X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), were used to characterize the synthesized samples. The specific surface area, pore size distribution and pore diameter of the different γ-AlOOH structures were discussed by the N2 adsorption-desorption analysis. According to the results of the nanostructure, characterization revealed that for synthesized γ-AlOOH nanostructures from AlCl3 and Al(NO3)3, obvious XRD peaks corresponding to the bayerite phase are found indicating an impure γ-AlOOH phase. Furthermore, the nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis indicated that the obtained γ-AlOOH nanoparticles from Al2(SO4)3 of technical grade (95.0 % of purity) and low cost, possess a high BET surface area of approximately 350 m2/g, compared to the obtained nanostructures from aluminum sources reactive grade, which was attributed to the presence of Mg (0.9 wt.%) in its nanostructure.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document