scholarly journals Moral Judgment: An Overlooked Deficient Domain in Multiple Sclerosis?

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samar Ayache ◽  
Moussa Chalah
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Moral Judgement ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Moral Cognition ◽  
Information Processing Speed ◽  
Cognitive Measures ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system through which patients can suffer from sensory, motor, cerebellar, emotional, and cognitive symptoms. Although cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions are frequently encountered in MS patients, they have previously received little attention. Among the most frequently impaired cognitive domains are attention, information processing speed, and working memory, which have been extensively addressed in this population. However, less emphasis has been placed on other domains like moral judgment. The latter is a complex cognitive sphere that implies the individuals’ ability to judge others’ actions and relies on numerous affective and cognitive processes. Moral cognition is crucial for healthy and adequate interpersonal relationships, and its alteration might have drastic impacts on patients’ quality of life. This work aims to analyze the studies that have addressed moral cognition in MS. Only three works have previously addressed moral judgement in this clinical population compared to healthy controls, and none included neuroimaging or physiological measures. Although scarce, the available data suggest a complex pattern of moral judgments that deviate from normal response. This finding was accompanied by socio-emotional and cognitive deficits. Only preliminary data are available on moral cognition in MS, and its neurobiological foundations are still needing to be explored. Future studies would benefit from combining moral cognitive measures with comprehensive neuropsychological batteries and neuroimaging/neurophysiological modalities (e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging, tractography, evoked potentials, electroencephalography) aiming to decipher the neural underpinning of moral judgement deficits and subsequently conceive potential interventions in MS patients.

scholarly journals Wpływ moralności na przeciwdziałanie zmianom klimatycznym

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 17-41
Author(s):  
Thomas Pölcer ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Moral Judgement ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Moral Practice ◽  
Moral Error ◽  
General Conditions

Suppose you are a moral error theorist, i.e., you believe that no moral judgment is true. What, then, ought you to do with regard to our common practice of mak-ing such judgments? Determining the usefulness of our ordinary moral practice is exacerbated by the great number and variety of moral judgments. In-depth case studies may thus be more helpful in clarifying error theory’s practical im-plications than refl ections about morality in general. In this chapter I pursue this strategy with regard to a particularly important matter, namely climate change. First, I establish general conditions for when a moral judgement has any eff ect on those who accept it. Second, I show that the judgement that in-dividuals in industrialized countries are morally obliged to act against climate change does not fulfi l these conditions, and is thus neither benefi cial nor harm-ful. Finally, I sketch several strategies for increasing people’s non-moral moti-vation to act against climate.

scholarly journals Which Appraisals Are Foundational to Moral Judgment? Harm, Injustice, and Beyond

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 903-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared Piazza ◽  
Paulo Sousa ◽  
Joshua Rottman ◽  
Stylianos Syropoulos
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Past Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Moral Cognition ◽  
Moral Pluralism ◽  
Diverse Range

Harm-centric accounts of judgments of moral wrongdoing argue that moral judgments are fundamentally based on appraisals of harm. However, past research has failed to operationally discriminate harm appraisals from appraisals related to injustice. Four studies carefully discriminated harm qua pain/suffering from injustice, alongside appraisals related to impurity, authority, and disloyalty. Appraisals of injustice outperformed appraisals of harm as independent predictors of the judged wrongness of recalled offenses (Study 1). Studies 2a, 2b, and 3 extended these findings using a diverse range of wrongful acts and two different cultural samples—the United States and Greece. In addition to the strong relevance of injustice appraisals, these latter studies uncovered substantial contributions of impurity and authority appraisals. The results inform debates on moral pluralism and the foundations of moral cognition.

scholarly journals Elevated moral condemnation of third-party violations in multiple sclerosis patients

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indrajeet Patil ◽  
Liane Young ◽  
Vladimiro Sinay ◽  
Ezequiel Gleichgerrcht
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Moral Condemnation ◽  
Severe Punishment ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis Patients ◽  
Judg Ments

Recent research has demonstrated impairments in social cognition associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). The present work asks whether these impairments are associated with atypical moral judgment. Specifically, we assessed whether MS patients are able to integrate information about intentions and outcomes for moral judgment (i.e., appropriateness and punishment judg- ments) in the case of third-party acts. We found a complex pattern of moral judgments in MS patients: although their moral judgments were comparable to controls’ for specific types of acts (e.g., accidental or intentional harms), they nevertheless judged behaviors to be less appropriate and endorsed more severe punishment across the board, and they were also more likely to report that others’ responses would be congruent with theirs. Further analyses suggested that elevated levels of externally oriented cognition in MS (due to co-occurring alexithymia) explain these effects. Additionally, we found that the distinction between appropriateness and punishment judgments, whereby harmful outcomes influence punishment judgments to a greater extent than appropriateness judgments, was preserved in MS despite the observed disruptions in the affective and motivational components of empathy. The current results inform the two-process model for intent-based moral judgments as well as possible strategies for improving the quality of life in MS patients.

A social cognitive developmental perspective on moral judgment

Behaviour ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 151 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 315-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larisa Heiphetz ◽  
Liane Young
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Developmental Perspective ◽  
Moral Cognition ◽  
Developmental Research ◽  
Number Of Factors

Moral judgment constitutes an important aspect of adults’ social interactions. How do adults’ moral judgments develop? We discuss work from cognitive and social psychology on adults’ moral judgment, and we review developmental research to illuminate its origins. Work in these fields shows that adults make nuanced moral judgments based on a number of factors, including harm aversion, and that the origins of such judgments lie early in development. We begin by reviewing evidence showing that distress signals can cue moral judgments but are not necessary for moral judgment to occur. Next, we discuss findings demonstrating that both children and adults distinguish moral violations from violations of social norms, and we highlight the influence of both moral rules and social norms on moral judgment. We also discuss the influence of actors’ intentions on moral judgment. Finally, we offer some closing thoughts on potential similarities between moral cognition and reasoning about other ideologies.

Moral Judgments of COVID-19 Social Distancing Violations: The Roles of Perceived Harm and Impurity

2021 ◽  
pp. 014616722110254
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Rosenfeld ◽  
A. Janet Tomiyama
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Moral Cognition ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Total N ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Competing Hypotheses ◽  
Moral Condemnation ◽  
Perceived Harm

Can perceptions of impurity uniquely explain moral judgment? Or is moral judgment reducible to perceptions of harm? Whereas some perspectives posit that purity violations may drive moral judgment distinctly from harm violations, other perspectives contend that perceived harm is an essential precursor of moral condemnation. We tested these competing hypotheses through five preregistered experiments (total N = 2,944) investigating U.S. adults’ perceptions of social distancing violations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Perceived harm was more strongly related to moral judgment than was perceived impurity. Nevertheless, over and above perceived harm, perceived impurity reliably explained unique variance in moral judgment. Effects of perceived harm and impurity were significant among both liberal and conservative participants but were larger among liberals. Results suggest that appraisals of both harm and impurity provide valuable insights into moral cognition. We discuss implications of these findings for dyadic morality, moral foundations, act versus character judgments, and political ideology.

scholarly journals The Role of Emotions and Circumstances in Moral Judgments

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 170-187
Author(s):  
T.O. Yudina
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Moral Luck ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Moral Judgement ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Mixed Emotions ◽  
Degree Of Control ◽  
Emotional Resonance

Objective. To study the variety of the moral luck demonstration depending on the level of the agent’s degree of control, personal condemnation of the agent, emotional resonance and compassion to the agent, circumstances and the harm degree of the outcome. Background. Modern theoretic approaches explain the moral luck phenomenon as a coincidence or a mistake but do not explain the variety of its demonstration. Design. Within five situations there were varied the level of control, circumstances, personal characteristics and the harm degree. After each situation we offered the five categories of questions: emotions towards the agent, emotions towards the result, punishment, moral judgement, personal condemnation of the agent, emotional resonance and compassion to the agent. Testing the relations of the variables by means of contingency tables. Subjects. 54 subjects (male 28), age from 18 to 45. Methods. Author’s five moral vignettes with questionnaire containing five categories of questions after each of the situation. Results. Punishment depends on the level of control, circumstances and the outcome. Negative mixed emotions related to punishment without regard of the harm degree. The emotions, personal condemnation and moral judgment related to the agent’s level of control. Compassion can be demonstrated notwithstanding the punishments and condemnation. Conclusions. Punishment judgment is the mental system which flexibility is provided by the attitude to punish in the case of bad behavior, the variety and intensity of negative emotions towards the agent or the outcome, the agent’s level of control.

What sentimentalists should say about emotion

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlie Kurth
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Moral Cognition ◽  
Multilevel Structure

Abstract Recent work by emotion researchers indicates that emotions have a multilevel structure. Sophisticated sentimentalists should take note of this work – for it better enables them to defend a substantive role for emotion in moral cognition. Contra May's rationalist criticisms, emotions are not only able to carry morally relevant information, but can also substantially influence moral judgment and reasoning.

Commentaries and Rejoinder on

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Gong ◽  
Douglas L. Medin ◽  
Tal Eyal ◽  
Nira Liberman ◽  
Yaacov Trope ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Psychological Distance ◽  
Temporal Distance ◽  
Moral Cognition ◽  
Cultural Systems ◽  
Moral Condemnation ◽  
Construal Levels

In the hope to resolve the two sets of opposing results concerning the effects of psychological distance and construal levels on moral judgment, Žeželj and Jokić (2014) conducted a series of four direct replications, which yielded divergent patterns of results. In our commentary, we first revisit the consistent findings that lower-level construals induced by How/Why manipulation lead to harsher moral condemnation than higher-level construals. We then speculate on the puzzling patterns of results regarding the role of temporal distance in shaping moral judgment. And we conclude by discussing the complexity of morality and propose that it may be important to incorporate cultural systems into the study of moral cognition.

Cold-induced reactivity in multiple sclerosis patients

2017 ◽  
pp. 56-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Л.И. Герасимова-Мейгал ◽  
И.М. Сиренев
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Cold Test ◽  
Typical Feature ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Ssr Analysis ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Hands And Feet ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis Patients

Цель исследования - изучение особенностей восприимчивости пациентов с рассеянным склерозом (РС) к холодовому воздействию с помощью функциональных тестов, характеризующих функцию терморегуляции. Как известно, РС - хроническое прогрессирующее аутоиммунное заболевание центральной нервной системы мультифакториальной природы, более часто встречающееся в регионах с холодным и влажным климатом. Нарушения терморегуляции вследствие автономной дисфункции являются характерным признаком РС, вместе с тем участию холодового фактора в развитии заболевания не придается существенного значения. Методика. Обследовано 32 пациента (17 мужчин и 15 женщин, средний возраст 29,6 ± 4,2 года) с установленным диагнозом: РС ремиттирующе-рецидивирующая форма течения (средняя продолжительность заболевания - 4,2 ± 2,7 года) и 18 практически здоровых лиц группы сравнения. Восприятие холода оценивали с помощью визуально-аналоговой шкалы. Продолжительность холод-индуцированной вазоконстрикции после локального холодового теста изучали по данным инфракрасной термометрии. Вегетативную регуляцию вазомоторных реакций оценивали по результатам анализа вызванных кожных вегетативных потенциалов (ВКВП). Результаты. На основе анализа самооценки восприятия холода у пациентов с РС показана низкая переносимость холодового фактора. При проведении локального холодового теста отмечено замедление восстановления температуры кожи кисти, что характерно для усиления холод-индуцированной вазоконстрикции. В группе пациентов с РС выявлено снижение параметров ВКВП ладоней и стоп, свидетельствующее о дефиците нейрогенного контроля терморегуляционных сосудистых реакций. Заключение. У пациентов с РС выявлены нарушения механизмов терморегуляции при действии холода, что обусловливает высокую индивидуальную восприимчивость к холоду у данной категории лиц. Сопоставление результатов анализа механизмов индивидуальной холод-индуцированной реактивности у пациентов с РС с данными эпидемиологических исследований приводит к заключению о потенциальном модулирующем влиянии холодового фактора на течение РС. The purpose of the present study was focused on the evaluation of the sensitivity to cold in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients by means of functional thermoregulatory based tests. MS is known to be a chronic autoimmune progressive disease of the central nervous system of multifactor origin that is very common in regions with cold and humid climate. Disorder of thermoregulation caused by autonomic dysfunction is a typical feature of MS, however the role of the cold in the disease development is still underestimated. Methods. Thirty two MS patients (17 males, 15 females, mean age 29,6 ± 4,2 years) with the remittent form of the disease (mean disease duration 4,2 ± 2,7 years) and 18 age-matched healthy controls volunteered to participate in this study. Susceptibility to cold was analyzed with the use of visual-analogous scale. The duration of cold-induced vasoconstriction after local cold test was estimated using by infrared thermometry. Autonomic regulation of vasomotor reactions was investigated with the help of the skin sympathetic response (SSR) analysis. Results. The analysis of self-reported perception of the cold in MS patients showed their low tolerance to cold. Slow recovery of the skin temperature of the hand in the local cold test observed in MS patients was considered as the aggravated cold-induced vasoconstriction. The decreased SSR in the hands and feet in MS patients was found that indicates the deficit of the neurogenic control of thermoregulatory vasomotor reactions. Conclusion. The results obtained demonstrate the impairment of thermoregulation under cold in MS patients that leads to higher individual susceptibility to cold of this group. Comparing of the data found in this study on the mechanisms of the individual cold-induced reactivity in MS patients with epidemiological surveys enable to conclude that cold environment has potential modulating effect of on the course of MS.

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