scholarly journals Quasars: From the Physics of Line Formation to Cosmology

Atoms ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Marziani ◽  
Edi Bon ◽  
Natasa Bon ◽  
Ascension del Olmo ◽  
Mary Martínez-Aldama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Ionized Gas ◽  
Massive Black Holes ◽  
New Class ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
Distance Indicators ◽  
Very High

Quasars accreting matter at very high rates (known as extreme Population A (xA) or super-Eddington accreting massive black holes) provide a new class of distance indicators covering cosmic epochs from the present-day Universe up to less than 1 Gyr from the Big Bang. The very high accretion rate makes it possible that massive black holes hosted in xA quasars can radiate at a stable, extreme luminosity-to-mass ratio. This in turn translates into stable physical and dynamical conditions of the mildly ionized gas in the quasar low-ionization line emitting region. In this contribution, we analyze the main optical and UV spectral properties of extreme Population A quasars that make them easily identifiable in large spectroscopic surveys at low- ( z ≲ 1 ) and intermediate-z (2 ≲ z ≲ 2.6), and the physical conditions that are derived for the formation of their emission lines. Ultimately, the analysis supports the possibility of identifying a virial broadening estimator from low-ionization line widths, and the conceptual validity of the redshift-independent luminosity estimates based on virial broadening for a known luminosity-to-mass ratio.

scholarly journals The quasar main sequence and its potential for cosmology

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (S356) ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
Paola Marziani ◽  
Deborah Dultzin ◽  
Ascensión del Olmo ◽  
Mauro D’Onofrio ◽  
José A. de Diego ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Spectral Properties ◽  
Main Sequence ◽  
Accretion Rate ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Redshift Range ◽  
Massive Black Holes ◽  
Line Widths ◽  
Very High

AbstractThe main sequence offers a method for the systematization of quasar spectral properties. Extreme FeII emitters (or extreme Population A, xA) are believed to be sources accreting matter at very high rates. They are easily identifiable along the quasar main sequence, in large spectroscopic surveys over a broad redshift range. The very high accretion rate makes it possible that massive black holes hosted in xA quasars radiate at a stable, extreme luminosity-to-mass ratio. After reviewing the basic interpretation of the main sequence, we report on the possibility of identifying virial broadening estimators from low-ionization line widths, and provide evidence of the conceptual validity of redshift-independent luminosities based on virial broadening for a known luminosity-to-mass ratio.

scholarly journals Supersonic gas streams enhance the formation of massive black holes in the early universe

Science ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 357 (6358) ◽  
pp. 1375-1378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shingo Hirano ◽  
Takashi Hosokawa ◽  
Naoki Yoshida ◽  
Rolf Kuiper
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Early Universe ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Cloud Formation ◽  
Massive Black Holes ◽  
Gas Condensation ◽  
Gas Streams ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
Gas Cloud

The origin of super-massive black holes in the early universe remains poorly understood. Gravitational collapse of a massive primordial gas cloud is a promising initial process, but theoretical studies have difficulty growing the black hole fast enough. We report numerical simulations of early black hole formation starting from realistic cosmological conditions. Supersonic gas motions left over from the Big Bang prevent early gas cloud formation until rapid gas condensation is triggered in a protogalactic halo. A protostar is formed in the dense, turbulent gas cloud, and it grows by sporadic mass accretion until it acquires 34,000 solar masses. The massive star ends its life with a catastrophic collapse to leave a black hole—a promising seed for the formation of a monstrous black hole.

scholarly journals The Early Growth of the First Black Holes

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarrett L. Johnson ◽  
Francesco Haardt
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Massive Black Holes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
Large Scale Simulations ◽  
Cosmic History

AbstractWith detections of quasars powered by increasingly massive black holes at increasingly early times in cosmic history over the past decade, there has been correspondingly rapid progress made on the theory of early black hole formation and growth. Here, we review the emerging picture of how the first massive black holes formed from the primordial gas and then grew to supermassive scales. We discuss the initial conditions for the formation of the progenitors of these seed black holes, the factors dictating the initial masses with which they form, and their initial stages of growth via accretion, which may occur at super-Eddington rates. Finally, we briefly discuss how these results connect to large-scale simulations of the growth of supermassive black holes in the first billion years after the Big Bang.

scholarly journals Unified Explanation of Big Bang, Inflation, Charged Black Hole Decay, Galaxy Formation, Proton Spin Crisis and Elementary Particle Masses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Kwang Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Euclidean Space ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Proton Spin ◽  
Gravitational Forces ◽  
Normal Matter ◽  
Dark Matters ◽  
Spin Crisis ◽  
The Big Bang

Space-time evolution is briefly explained by using the 3-dimensional quantized space model (TQSM) based on the 4-dimensional (4-D) Euclidean space. The energy (E=cDtDV), charges (|q|= cDt) and absolute time (ct) are newly defined based on the 4-D Euclidean space. The big bang is understood by the space-time evolution of the 4-D Euclidean space but not by the sudden 4-D Minkowski space-time creation. The big bang process created the matter universe with the positive energy and the partner anti-matter universe with the negative energy from the CPT symmetry. Our universe is the matter universe with the negative charges of electric charge (EC), lepton charge (LC) and color charge (CC). This first universe is made of three dark matter -, lepton -, and quark - primary black holes with the huge negative charges which cause the Coulomb repulsive forces much bigger than the gravitational forces. The huge Coulomb forces induce the inflation of the primary black holes, that decay to the super-massive black holes. The dark matter super-massive black holes surrounded by the normal matters and dark matters make the galaxies and galaxy clusters. The spiral arms of galaxies are closely related to the decay of the 3-D charged normal matter black holes to the 1-D charged normal matter black holes. The elementary leptons and quarks are created by the decay of the normal matter charged black holes, that is caused by the Coulomb forces much stronger than the gravitational forces. The Coulomb forces are very weak with the very small Coulomb constants (k1(EC) = kdd(EC) ) for the dark matters and very strong with the very big Coulomb constants (k2(EC) = knn(EC)) for the normal matters because of the non-communication of the photons between the dark matters and normal matters. The photons are charge dependent and mass independent. But the dark matters and normal matters have the similar and very weak gravitational forces because of the communication of the gravitons between the dark matters and normal matters. The gravitons are charge independent and mass dependent. Note that the three kinds of charges (EC, LC and CC) and one kind of mass (m) exist in our matter universe. The dark matters, leptons and quarks have the charge configurations of (EC), (EC,LC) and (EC,LC,CC), respectively. Partial masses of elementary fermions are calculated, and the proton spin crisis is explained. The charged black holes are not the singularities.

scholarly journals AGN radiative feedback in the early growth of massive black holes

2019 ◽  
Vol 489 (4) ◽  
pp. 5225-5230
Author(s):  
W Ishibashi
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Early Universe ◽  
Radiation Pressure ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Host Galaxies ◽  
Massive Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole Growth ◽  
Hole Growth ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Very High

ABSTRACT Growing observational evidence confirms the existence of massive black holes ($M_{\rm BH} \sim 10^9 \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$), accreting at rates close to the Eddington limit, at very high redshifts ($z \gtrsim 6\!-\!7$) in the early Universe. Recent observations indicate that the host galaxies of the first quasars are chemically evolved systems, containing unexpectedly large amounts of dust. Such a combination of high luminosities and large dust content should form favourable physical conditions for radiative dusty feedback. We explore the impact of the active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback, driven by radiation pressure on dust, on the early growth of massive black holes. Assuming Eddington-limited exponential black hole growth, we find that the dynamics and energetics of the radiation pressure-driven outflows also follow exponential trends at late times. We obtain modest outflow energetics (with momentum flux $\dot{p} \lesssim L/c$ and kinetic power $\dot{E}_{\rm k} \lesssim 10^{-3} L$), comparable with available observations of quasar-driven outflows at very high redshifts, but significantly lower than typically observed in local quasars and predicted by wind energy-driven models. AGN radiative dusty feedback may thus play an important role in powering galactic outflows in the first quasars in the early Universe.

scholarly journals Supermassive black holes in the early Universe

2015 ◽  
Vol 471 (2184) ◽  
pp. 20150449 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Melia ◽  
T. M. McClintock
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Accretion Rate ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Supermassive Black Holes ◽  
Active Mass ◽  
Time Compression ◽  
First And Second Generation ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
Friedmann Robertson Walker

The recent discovery of the ultraluminous quasar SDSS J010013.02+280225.8 at redshift 6.3 has exacerbated the time compression problem implied by the appearance of supermassive black holes only approximately 900 Myr after the big bang, and only approximately 500 Myr beyond the formation of Pop II and III stars. Aside from heralding the onset of cosmic re-ionization, these first and second generation stars could have reasonably produced the approximately 5–20  M ⊙ seeds that eventually grew into z approximately 6–7 quasars. But this process would have taken approximately 900 Myr, a timeline that appears to be at odds with the predictions of Λ CDM without an anomalously high accretion rate, or some exotic creation of approximately 10 5   M ⊙ seeds. There is no evidence of either of these happening in the local Universe. In this paper, we show that a much simpler, more elegant solution to the supermassive black hole anomaly is instead to view this process using the age–redshift relation predicted by the R h = ct Universe, an Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) cosmology with zero active mass. In this context, cosmic re-ionization lasted from t approximately 883 Myr to approximately 2 Gyr ( 6 ≲ z ≲ 15 ), so approximately 5–20  M ⊙ black hole seeds formed shortly after re-ionization had begun, would have evolved into approximately 10 10   M ⊙ quasars by z approximately 6–7 simply via the standard Eddington-limited accretion rate. The consistency of these observations with the age–redshift relationship predicted by R h = ct supports the existence of dark energy; but not in the form of a cosmological constant.

scholarly journals Gravitational wave detection in space

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (14) ◽  
pp. 1630001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Tou Ni
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Gravitational Wave ◽  
Frequency Band ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Intermediate Mass ◽  
Compact Binaries ◽  
Laser Interferometer Space Antenna ◽  
Deployment Time

Gravitational Wave (GW) detection in space is aimed at low frequency band (100[Formula: see text]nHz–100[Formula: see text]mHz) and middle frequency band (100[Formula: see text]mHz–10[Formula: see text]Hz). The science goals are the detection of GWs from (i) Supermassive Black Holes; (ii) Extreme-Mass-Ratio Black Hole Inspirals; (iii) Intermediate-Mass Black Holes; (iv) Galactic Compact Binaries and (v) Relic GW Background. In this paper, we present an overview on the sensitivity, orbit design, basic orbit configuration, angular resolution, orbit optimization, deployment, time-delay interferometry (TDI) and payload concept of the current proposed GW detectors in space under study. The detector proposals under study have arm length ranging from 1000[Formula: see text]km to [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]km (8.6[Formula: see text]AU) including (a) Solar orbiting detectors — (ASTROD Astrodynamical Space Test of Relativity using Optical Devices (ASTROD-GW) optimized for GW detection), Big Bang Observer (BBO), DECi-hertz Interferometer GW Observatory (DECIGO), evolved LISA (e-LISA), Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), other LISA-type detectors such as ALIA, TAIJI etc. (in Earthlike solar orbits), and Super-ASTROD (in Jupiterlike solar orbits); and (b) Earth orbiting detectors — ASTROD-EM/LAGRANGE, GADFLI/GEOGRAWI/g-LISA, OMEGA and TIANQIN.

scholarly journals Why did Supermassive Black Holes Already Exist in the Early Universe?

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Early Universe ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Cosmic Time ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Supermassive Black Holes ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Big Bang

Recent observations show that there are many more and much older black holes than previously known. What is particularly puzzling is that supermassive black holes containing more than a billion solar masses already existed in the very early universe. To date, there is no conclusive explanation for how such gravity monsters could have been created in such a short time after the Big Bang. The "Cosmic Time Hypothesis (CTH)" offers a solution to this problem [1]. According to this hypothesis, the early universe had much more time at its disposal than according to the "present-time scale" and the material-condensing forces were much stronger than now. Therefore, objects with extremely large masses could form in a very short "today-time".

scholarly journals Why Did Supermassive Black Holes Already Exist In The Early Universe?

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Early Universe ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Cosmic Time ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Supermassive Black Holes ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Big Bang

Recent observations show that there are many more and much older black holes than previously known. What is particularly puzzling is that supermassive black holes containing more than a billion solar masses already existed in the very early universe. To date, there is no conclusive explanation for how such gravity monsters could have been created in such a short time after the Big Bang. The “Cosmic Time Hypothesis (CTH)” offers a solution to this problem [1]. According to this hypothesis, the early universe had much more time at its disposal than according to the “present-time scale” and the material-condensing forces were much stronger than now. Therefore, objects with extremely large masses could form in a very short “todaytime”.

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