scholarly journals Exposure Indices of Extreme Wind-Driven Rain Events for Built Heritage

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Allan Orr ◽  
May Cassar
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Assessment Procedure ◽  
Statistical Confidence ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Rain Events ◽  
Two Stages

Building performance and material change of cultural heritage in urban areas are negatively impacted by wind-driven rain (WDR). The frequency and intensity of WDR exposure are modified by climate change. Current approaches to exposure assessment emphasise prolonged exposure. Here, we propose indices to represent the exposure of cultural heritage to extreme WDR events. The indices are derived in two stages: (1) time-binning of long-term exposure, and (2) statistical representation of the occurrence of infrequent but intense events by fitting to the Generalised Extreme Value (GEV) distribution. A comparison to an existing exposure assessment procedure demonstrates that the proposed indices better represent shorter, more intense, and more consistent WDR events. Indices developed for seasons had greater statistical confidence than those developed for annual exposure. One index is contextualised within a model of a gutter on a terraced building: this converts the index from a measure of exposure to potential impact. This evaluation demonstrated the importance of maintenance to reduce the potential impact of WDR events. This work has direct and indirect implications for developing robust assessment procedures for cultural heritage exposure to extreme weather events.

scholarly journals Aerosol as a potential factor to control the increasing torrential rain events in urban areas over the last decades

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seoung Soo Lee ◽  
Zhanqing Li ◽  
Yong-Sang Choi ◽  
Chang-Hoon Jung
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Strong Convergence ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Torrential Rain ◽  
Aerosol Loading ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Potential Factor ◽  
Rain Events

Abstract. This study examines the role played by aerosol in torrential rain that occurred in Seoul, which is a metropolitan area where urbanization has been rapid in the last few decades, using cloud-system resolving model (CSRM) simulations. The model results show that the inhomogeneity of the spatial distribution of aerosol concentrations or loading causes the inhomogeneity of the spatial distribution of evaporative cooling and the intensity of associated outflow around the surface. This inhomogeneity generates a strong convergence field in which torrential rain forms. With the increases in the inhomogeneity of the spatial distribution of aerosol concentrations, the occurrence of torrential rain increases. This study finds that the effects of the increases in the inhomogeneity play a much more important role in the increases in torrential rain than the much-studied effects of the increases in aerosol loading. Results in this study demonstrate that for a better understanding of extreme weather events such as torrential rain in urban areas, not only changing aerosol loading but also changing aerosol spatial distribution since industrialization should be considered in aerosol-precipitation interactions.

scholarly journals Aerosol as a potential factor to control the increasing torrential rain events in urban areas over the last decades

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 12531-12550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seoung Soo Lee ◽  
Byung-Gon Kim ◽  
Zhanqing Li ◽  
Yong-Sang Choi ◽  
Chang-Hoon Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Strong Convergence ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Torrential Rain ◽  
Aerosol Loading ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Potential Factor ◽  
Rain Events

Abstract. This study examines the role played by aerosol in torrential rain that occurred in the Seoul area, which is a conurbation area where urbanization has been rapid in the last few decades, using cloud-system-resolving model (CSRM) simulations. The model results show that the spatial variability in aerosol concentrations causes the inhomogeneity of the spatial distribution of evaporative cooling and the intensity of associated outflow around the surface. This inhomogeneity generates a strong convergence field in which torrential rain forms. With the increases in the variability in aerosol concentrations, the occurrence of torrential rain increases. This study finds that the effects of the increases in the variability play a much more important role in the increases in torrential rain than the much-studied effects of the increases in aerosol loading. Results in this study demonstrate that for a better understanding of extreme weather events such as torrential rain in urban areas, not only changing aerosol loading but also changing aerosol spatial distribution since industrialization should be considered in aerosol–precipitation interactions.

scholarly journals Detection of the TiO2 Concentration in the Protective Coatings for the Cultural Heritage by Means of Hyperspectral Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Antonio Costanzo ◽  
Donatella Ebolese ◽  
Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo ◽  
Sergio Falcone ◽  
Carmelo la Piana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Colloidal Suspensions ◽  
Hyperspectral Data ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Stone Materials ◽  
Test Application ◽  
Nanoparticle Coatings

Nanotechnology-based materials are currently being tested in the protection of cultural heritage: ethyl silicate or silica nanoparticles dispersed in aqueous colloidal suspensions mixed with titanium dioxide are used as a coating for stone materials. These coatings can play a key role against the degradation of stone materials, due to the deposit of organic matter and other contaminants on the substrate, a phenomenon that produces a greater risk for the monuments in urban areas because of the increasing atmospheric pollution. However, during the application phase, it is important to evaluate the amount of titanium dioxide in the coatings on the substrate, as it can produce a coverage effect on the asset. In this work, we present the hyperspectral data obtained through a field spectroradiometer on samples of different stone materials, which have been prepared in laboratory with an increasing weight percentage of titanium dioxide from 0 to 8 wt%. The data showed spectral signatures dependent on the content of titanium dioxide in the wavelength range 350–400 nm. Afterwards, blind tests were performed on other samples in order to evaluate the reliability of these measurements in detecting the unknown weight percentage of titanium dioxide. Moreover, an investigation was also performed on a test application of nanoparticle coatings on a stone statue located in a coastal town in Calabria (southern Italy). The results showed that the surveys can be useful for verifying the phase of application of the coating on cultural heritage structures; however, they could also be used to check the state of the coated stone directly exposed over time to atmospheric, biological and chemical agents.

scholarly journals Addressing the Water–Energy–Food Nexus through Enhanced Green Roof Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1972
Author(s):  
Jeremy Wright ◽  
Jeremy Lytle ◽  
Devon Santillo ◽  
Luzalen Marcos ◽  
Kristiina Valter Mai
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Performance Optimization ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Rainwater Runoff ◽  
Rain Events

Urban densification and climate change are creating a multitude of issues for cities around the globe. Contributing factors include increased impervious surfaces that result in poor stormwater management, rising urban temperatures, poor air quality, and a lack of available green space. In the context of volatile weather, there are growing concerns regarding the effects of increased intense rainfalls and how they affect highly populated areas. Green roofs are becoming a stormwater management tool, occupying a growing area of urban roof space in many developed cities. In addition to the water-centric approach to the implementation of green roofs, these systems offer a multitude of benefits across the urban water–energy–food nexus. This paper provides insight to green roof systems available that can be utilized as tools to mitigate the effects of climate change in urbanized areas. A new array of green roof testing modules is presented along with research methods employed to address current issues related to food, energy and water performance optimization. Rainwater runoff after three rain events was observed to be reduced commensurate with the presence of a blue roof retention membrane in the testbed, the growing media depth and type, as well as the productive nature of the plants in the testbed. Preliminary observations indicate that more productive green roof systems may have increasingly positive benefits across the water–energy–food nexus in dense urban areas that are vulnerable to climate disruption.

scholarly journals The Awareness of and Input into Cultural Heritage Preservation by Urban Planners and Other Municipal Actors in Light of Climate Change

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 726
Author(s):  
Paul Carroll ◽  
Eeva Aarrevaara
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Heritage Preservation ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
The Future ◽  
Cultural Heritage Preservation

Future climate conditions need to be considered in planning for urban areas. As well as considering how new structures would best endure in the future, it is important to take into account factors that contribute to the degradation of cultural heritage buildings in the urban setting. Climate change can cause an increase in structural degradation. In this paper, a review of both what these factors are and how they are addressed by urban planners is presented. A series of inquiries into the topic was carried out on town planning personnel and those involved in cultural heritage preservation in several towns and cities in Finland and in a small number of other European countries. The target group members were asked about observed climate change impacts on cultural heritage, about present steps being taken to protect urban cultural heritage, and also their views were obtained on how climate change impacts will be emphasised in the future in this regard. The results of the inquiry demonstrate that climate change is still considered only in a limited way in urban planning, and more interaction between different bodies, both planning and heritage authorities, as well as current research on climate change impacts, is needed in the field.

scholarly journals Teleworking and Online Shopping: Socio-Economic Factors Affecting Their Impact on Transport Demand

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7211
Author(s):  
Juan Ramón López Soler ◽  
Panayotis Christidis ◽  
José Manuel Vassallo
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Online Shopping ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Commuting Patterns ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Teleworking and online shopping became commonplace during the COVID-19 pandemic and can be expected to maintain a strong presence in the foreseeable future. They can lead to significant changes in mobility patterns and transport demand. It is still unclear, however, how extensive their adoption can be, since each individual has different preferences or constraints. The overall impact on transport depends on which segments of the population will modify their behaviour and on what the substitutes to the current patterns will be. The purpose of this work is to identify the user profiles and spatial aspects that affect the adoption of teleworking and online shopping, and to explore the potential impact on transport demand. To that end, data from an EU-wide survey on mobility were analysed using a Machine Learning methodology. The results suggest that while the take up of the new work and consumption patterns is high on average, there are significant differences among countries and across different socio-economic profiles. Teleworking appears to have a high potential mainly in certain services sectors, affecting commuting patterns predominantly in large urban areas. Online shopping activity is more uniform across the population, although differences among countries and age groups may still be relevant. The findings of this work can be useful for the analysis of policies to encourage the uptake of new technologies in transport and mobility. They can be also a good reference point for future studies on the ex-post analysis of the impacts of the pandemic on mobility.

scholarly journals Meta-Analysis of Storm Water Impacts in Urbanized Cities Including Runoff Control and Mitigation Strategies

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengfei Zhang ◽  
Samuel T. Ariaratnam
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Storm Water ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Runoff Reduction ◽  
Natural Land ◽  
Rain Events

The rate of urbanization has been impacted by global economic growth. A strong economy results in more people moving to already crowded urban centers to take advantage of increased employment opportunities often resulting in sprawling of the urban area. More natural land resources are being exploited to accommodate these anthropogenic activities. Subsequently, numerous natural land resources such as green areas or porous soil, which are less flood-prone and more permeable are being converted into buildings, parking lots, roads and underground utilities that are less permeable to storm water runoff from rain events. With the diminishing of the natural landscape that can drain storm water during a rainfall event, urban underground drainage systems are being designed and built to tackle the excess runoff resulting from urbanization. However, the rapid pace of urbanization has profoundly affected the formation of urban runoff thus resulting in the existing underground drainage system being unable to handle current flow conditions. This paper discusses storm water impacts in urbanized areas globally by reviewing historical storm water events and mitigation strategies accompanied with runoff reduction performance that are considered simultaneously for the purpose of relieving the stress on underground drainage systems. It was found that the stormwater impact on ten selected typical urban areas were enormously destructive followed by billions of direct economy loss, fatalities, damaged properties and residents’ relocations. Furthermore, the meta-analysis of selected six runoff mitigation methods indicated that the average runoff reduction percent ranged from 43% to 61% under different rain events in various installed sites across different event years.

scholarly journals Tangible Cultural Heritage Re-Appropriation Towards A New Urban Centrality. A Critical Crossroad In Semi-Peripheral Eastern Riverside Lisbon

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-146
Author(s):  
Joao C. Martins
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Regeneration ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Ground Field ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Tangible Culture ◽  
Private Investors

. The transformation of decayed semi-peripheral riverside areas and its Tangible Culture Heritage is presented today as a contributing factor in urban regeneration by several public preservation bodies and agendas, as well as privately led investment. These practices demand the economic and symbolic valorization of abandoned Tangible Cultural Heritage, where the social coexistence of residents, workers and visitors is seen as a smoother urban integration of these deprived territories and their communities into the surrounding contemporary cities.We’ll focus our approach on socio-spatial changes occurring in Marvila and Beato, presented today as new urban areas in which to financially invest after the 2011 economic crisis occurred in Portugal, discussing public and private re- appropriation of Old Palaces, Convents and Farms and Reconverted Warehouses (industrial and commercial); towards the creation of a new urban centrality in Lisbon. In this case, public ground-field intervention established a culture led regeneration process, with the creation of a municipal library, a crucial point in the cultural use of this space, community participation and gathering. Dealing with private investors, despite the positive effects, such as a reduction in unemployment, economic diversification and re-use of urban voids, there is always the possibility of undesired consequences. This paper argues, and the research experiments in many European cities show us that the ambition to improve the image of these deprived areas, despite somGonzalex encouraging ground level achievements, has unwanted or unexpected outcomes, starting as urban regeneration practices, often sliding towards gentrification, where local public powers have a determinant role.

scholarly journals Tecnologias digitais no ensino de história e valorização do patrimônio cultural da Amazônia brasileira / Digital Technologies in History Teaching and Valorization of Cultural Heritage in Brazilian Amazon

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedito Walderlino De Souza Silva
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Cultural Appreciation ◽  
On Line ◽  
America Latina ◽  
Artistic Heritage

ABSTRACTThis article focuses on conceptual and methodological issues concerning the contribution that digital technologies can provide to School education in the context of the teaching and learning of history in matters related to cultural heritage process. Brazil has the “Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional” (Institute of National Historical and Artistic Heritage) to implement public policies in order to to preserve their culture. In partnership with the “Universidade Federal do Pará” (Federal University of Pará), the unit of the institute in the state of Pará has developed a tool of heritage education called “Ver-o-Site”, an online page with the objective of increasing the cultural appreciation of Ver-o-Peso, the largest free fair in Latin America, a cultural and touristical symbol, and also the starting point of this state capital, the city of Belém. As we evaluate the considerable importance that digital technologies like this have on students' lives, creating new forms and speed of access and sharing of information, we consider that educators must use them as educational tools. With the Ver-oSite, you can work aspects of colonial occupation process, historical, economic and social development of urban areas in the Brazilian Amazon, as well as the space that places like the Ver-o-Peso occupy in the cultural heritage of inhabitants of cities like Belém. Such action aims to strengthen the role of social formation of the school with students in the digital age.RESUMOEste trabalho objetiva discutir fundamentos conceituais e teórico-metodológicos relativos à contribuição que tecnologias digitais podem fornecer a educação escolar no contexto do processo de ensino-aprendizagem da disciplina história em assuntos relacionados ao patrimônio cultural. O Brasil conta com o Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional para executar políticas públicas de preservação de sua cultura. Em parceria com a Universidade Federal do Pará, a unidade do instituto no Estado Pará desenvolveu uma ferramenta de educação patrimonial chamada Ver-o-Site, uma página on-line voltada à valorização cultural do Ver-o-Peso, a maior feira livre da América Latina, símbolo cultural, turísti-co e ponto de origem da capital deste estado, a cidade de Belém. Avaliando o espaço considerável que tecnologias digitais como esta têm na vida dos alunos, gerando novas formas e velocidade de acesso e socialização de informação, pondera-se que os educadores devam utilizá-las como ferramentas educativas. Com o Ver-o-Site, pode-se trabalhar aspectos do proces-so de ocupação colonial, formação histórica, econômica e social de núcleos urbanos da Amazônia brasileira, bem como o espaço que lugares como o Ver-o-Peso ocupam no patrimônio cultural de habitantes de cidades como Belém. Tal ação visa fortalecer o papel de formação social da escola junto aos alunos na era digital. Contato principal: [email protected]

scholarly journals Methodology to Prioritize Climate Adaptation Measures in Urban Areas. Barcelona and Bristol Case Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 4807 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Guerrero-Hidalga ◽  
Eduardo Martínez-Gomariz ◽  
Barry Evans ◽  
James Webber ◽  
Montserrat Termes-Rifé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Welfare Impacts ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Detailed Assessment

In the current context of fast innovation in the field of urban resilience against extreme weather events, it is becoming more challenging for decision-makers to recognize the most beneficial adaptation measures for their cities. Detailed assessment of multiple measures is resource-consuming and requires specific expertise, which is not always available. To tackle these issues, in the context of the H2020 project RESCCUE (RESilience to cope with Climate Change in Urban arEas), a methodology to effectively prioritize adaptation measures against extreme rainfall-related hazards in urban areas has been developed. It follows a multi-phase structure to progressively narrow down the list of potential measures. It begins using less resource-intensive techniques, to finally focus on the in-depth analysis on a narrower selection of measures. It involves evaluation of risks, costs, and welfare impacts, with strong focus on stakeholders’ participation through the entire process. The methodology is adaptable to different contexts and objectives and has been tested in two case studies across Europe, namely Barcelona and Bristol.

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