scholarly journals Exposures to Carbon Monoxide in a Cookstove Intervention in Northern Ghana

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Piedrahita ◽  
Evan R. Coffey ◽  
Yolanda Hagar ◽  
Ernest Kanyomse ◽  
Christine Wiedinmyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Northern Ghana ◽  
Control Group ◽  
And Performance

Biomass burning for home energy use is a major environmental health concern. Improved cooking technologies could generate environmental health benefits, yet prior results regarding reduced personal exposure to air pollution are mixed. In this study, two improved stove types were distributed over four study groups in Northern Ghana. Participants wore real-time carbon monoxide (CO) monitors to measure the effect of the intervention on personal exposures. Relative to the control group (those using traditional stoves), there was a 30.3% reduction in CO exposures in the group given two Philips forced draft stoves (p = 0.08), 10.5% reduction in the group given two Gyapa stoves (locally made rocket stoves) (p = 0.62), and 10.2% reduction in the group given one of each (p = 0.61). Overall, CO exposure for participants was low given the prevalence of cooking over traditional three-stone fires, with 8.2% of daily samples exceeding WHO Tier-1 standards. We present quantification methods and performance of duplicate monitors. We analyzed the relationship between personal carbonaceous particulate matter less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) and CO exposure for the dataset that included both measurements, finding a weak relationship likely due to the diversity of identified air pollution sources in the region and behavior variability.

Abstract P002: Long Term Exposure to Outdoor Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Health

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 131 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Singh ◽  
Courtney Pilkerton ◽  
Adam Christian ◽  
Thomas K Bias ◽  
Stephanie J Frisbee
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Heart Association ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
The Individual

BACKGROUND: Although the link between air pollution and cardiovascular disease has been controversial in recent decades, it remains a top global health concern. Most studies have assessed only the relationship between pollutant concentrations and morbidity or mortality in populous cities. In this study, we investigated the association of long term exposure to major air pollutants with current cardiovascular health. This outcome was a measure of health rather than disease, as measured by the Cardiovascular Health Index (CVHI) developed by the American Heart Association. METHODS: We analyzed 2011 data from 3007 counties across the US using Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and Area Health Resources File. Air Quality Index (AQI) for five major pollutants from 2001-2011; Ozone, Sulfur dioxide and Carbon monoxide and Fine particulate matter (aerodynamic diameter of 10 and ≤2.5 μm) were obtained from the EPA Air Quality System database. Categories were based on the 11-year average pollutant AQI level and using Jenks optimization method; persistently good, variant and persistently bad. Associations between categories and the mean CVHI were evaluated using Poisson regression models adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status at the individual and population level. RESULTS: PM2.5 was most frequently measured (938 counties) and carbon monoxide least frequently (224 counties). Correlations between pollutants were moderate and significant (p<0.0001), ranging from r=0.30 between CO and Oz to r=0.52 between SD and PM2.5. Four pollutants had 11-year average AQI levels significantly associated with increased mean CVHI score of individuals. Living in a county categorized as ‘persistently good’ or ‘variant’ AQI levels for ozone is significantly associated with an estimated 3% increase in CVHI (95% CI 0.1% - 5.0%) as compared to living in a county of ‘persistently bad’ AQI levels. In addition, living in a county of only ‘persistently good’ AQI levels for PM2.5 is significantly associated with an estimated 5% increase in CVHI (95% CI 3% - 9%) as compared to living in a county of ‘persistently bad’ AQI levels. Inverse relationships existed for both PM10 and carbon monoxide. CONCLUSIONS: It is difficult to tease apart the independent effects of individual air pollutants on health as humans are exposed to a mixture of gases. However we have shown that at the individual level, there is an association between long term exposure to air pollution and its effects on current cardiovascular health. Further research is needed to determine whether these effects exist at varying levels of subject characteristics.

scholarly journals Modeling the Impact of an Indoor Air Filter on Air Pollution Exposure Reduction and Associated Mortality in Urban Delhi Household

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 1391
Author(s):  
Jiawen Liao ◽  
Wenlu Ye ◽  
Ajay Pillarisetti ◽  
Thomas F. Clasen
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Air Filter ◽  
Indoor Exposure ◽  
Pm2.5 Exposure ◽  
The Impact

Indoor exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a prominent health concern. However, few studies have examined the effectiveness of long-term use of indoor air filters for reduction of PM2.5 exposure and associated decrease in adverse health impacts in urban India. We conducted 20 simulations of yearlong personal exposure to PM2.5 in urban Delhi using the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s CONTAM program (NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, USA). Simulation scenarios were developed to examine different air filter efficiencies, use schedules, and the influence of a smoker at home. We quantified associated mortality reductions with Household Air Pollution Intervention Tool (HAPIT, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA). Without an air filter, we estimated an annual mean PM2.5 personal exposure of 103 µg/m3 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 93, 112) and 137 µg/m3 (95% CI: 125, 149) for households without and with a smoker, respectively. All day use of a high-efficiency particle air (HEPA) filter would reduce personal PM2.5 exposure to 29 µg/m3 and 30 µg/m3, respectively. The reduced personal PM2.5 exposure from air filter use is associated with 8–37% reduction in mortality attributable to PM2.5 pollution in Delhi. The findings of this study indicate that air filter may provide significant improvements in indoor air quality and result in health benefits.

Modeling approaches and performance for estimating personal exposure to household air pollution: A case study in Kenya

Indoor Air ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Johnson ◽  
Ricardo Piedrahita ◽  
Ajay Pillarisetti ◽  
Matthew Shupler ◽  
Diana Menya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Household Air Pollution ◽  
Modeling Approaches ◽  
And Performance

scholarly journals Environmental Health Surveillance System for a Population Using Advanced Exposure Assessment

Toxics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wonho Yang ◽  
Jinhyeon Park ◽  
Mansu Cho ◽  
Cheolmin Lee ◽  
Jeongil Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Pollutant Concentrations ◽  
Air Pollution Exposure ◽  
Pollution Exposure

Human exposure to air pollution is a major public health concern. Environmental policymakers have been implementing various strategies to reduce exposure, including the 10th-day-no-driving system. To assess exposure of an entire population of a community in a highly polluted area, pollutant concentrations in microenvironments and population time–activity patterns are required. To date, population exposure to air pollutants has been assessed using air monitoring data from fixed atmospheric monitoring stations, atmospheric dispersion modeling, or spatial interpolation techniques for pollutant concentrations. This is coupled with census data, administrative registers, and data on the patterns of the time-based activities at the individual scale. Recent technologies such as sensors, the Internet of Things (IoT), communications technology, and artificial intelligence enable the accurate evaluation of air pollution exposure for a population in an environmental health context. In this study, the latest trends in published papers on the assessment of population exposure to air pollution were reviewed. Subsequently, this study proposes a methodology that will enable policymakers to develop an environmental health surveillance system that evaluates the distribution of air pollution exposure for a population within a target area and establish countermeasures based on advanced exposure assessment.

scholarly journals Impact of an Educational Program on Behavioral Changes toward Environmental Health among Laotian Students

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (14) ◽  
pp. 5055
Author(s):  
Jiyoung Shin ◽  
Harris Hyun-soo Kim ◽  
Eun Mee Kim ◽  
Yookyung Choi ◽  
Eunhee Ha
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Educational Program ◽  
Chemical Exposure ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Experimental Group

This study evaluates the effect of an integrated health care educational program on several behavioral changes related to environmental health among Laotian students. Students in the experimental group received education concerning environmental health-related issues, including air pollution and chemical exposure. Analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) and paired t-tests were conducted for the statistical analysis of the pre- and post-survey scores. The post-test scores of the experimental group regarding their risk perception and information-seeking behaviors towards air pollution and chemical exposure were higher than those of the control group after controlling for the pre-test scores. Moreover, in the experimental group, the girls’ risk perception scores significantly increased after receiving the education, which was not observed in the control group. The risk perception score among non-drinking students also significantly increased after the program. These results indicate that the education program effectively enhanced the students’ risk perception, especially that of girls and nondelinquent students.

scholarly journals IoT for monitoring carbon monoxide (CO) emissions using wireless sensor networks in smart cities

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.7) ◽  
pp. 1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijaya Lakshmi Paruchuri ◽  
Dr P. Rajesh
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Public

A Smart city is characterized by the efficient use of information technology and industrial assets for financial improvement. Internet of Things (IoT) is an arrangement of embedded devices that communicates by using the internet and uniquely addressable with standard protocols. Application areas of Internet of things are smart cities, environmental protection, smart transportation, healthcare, agriculture and public security. Development of Smart cities leading to Pollution. Air Pollution is an environmental health concern for the public. Carbon Monoxide is a harmful gas to the human beings and also the leading cause of air pollution. So it is necessary to develop a mechanism for the detection of carbon monoxide molecules. This paper presents a survey on the methods of measuring the Carbon Monoxide emissions by using Wireless Sensor Networks. Availability of CO data from a monitoring program can be utilized for providing the awareness to the public about the air pollution.  

scholarly journals Respiratory diseases in preschool children in the city of Nis exposed to suspended particulates and carbon monoxide from ambient air

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 326-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelija Djordjevic ◽  
Goran Ristic ◽  
Nenad Zivkovic ◽  
Branimir Todorovic ◽  
Sladjan Hristov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Control Group ◽  
The City

Background/Aim. Analysis of air quality in Serbia indicates that the city of Nis belongs to a group of cities characterized by the third category of air quality (excessive air pollution). The aim of the study was to analyze the degree of causality between ambient air quality affected by particulate matter of 10 ?m (PM10) and carbon monoxide (CO) and the incidence of respiratory diseases in preschool children in the city of Nis. Methods. We quantified the influence of higher PM10 concentrations and carbon monoxide comprising motor vehicle exhausts in the city of Nis on the occurrence of unwanted health effects in preschool children by means of the hazard quotient (HQ), individual health risk (Ri), and the probability of cancer (ICR). The methodology used was according to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and it included basic scientific statistical methods, compilation methods, and the relevant mathematical methods for assessing air pollution health risk, based on the use of attribute equations. Results. Measurement of ambient air pollutant concentrations in the analyzed territory for the entire monitoring duration revealed that PM10 concentrations were significantly above the allowed limits during 80% of the days. The maximum measured PM10 concentration was 191.6 ?g/m3, and carbon monoxide 5.415 mg/m3. The incidence of respiratory diseases in the experimental group, with a prominent impact of polluted air was 57.17%, whereas the incidence in the control group was considerably lower, 41.10 %. There were also significant differences in the distribution of certain respiratory diseases. Conclusion. In order to perform good causal analysis of air quality and health risk, it is very important to establish and develop a system for long-term monitoring, control, assessment, and prediction of air pollution. We identified the suspended PM10 and CO as ambient air pollutants causing negative health effects in the exposed preschool children population.

scholarly journals Prospective Cohort Study on the Effect of an Intervention to Reduce Household Air Pollution Among Sudanese Women and Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (31) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alawia K Suliman ◽  
Maysoon M. Saleh ◽  
Kristin Sznajder ◽  
Tonya S. King ◽  
W. Stuart Warren
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Household Air Pollution ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Biomass Fuels ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
And Control

Background. Exposure to household air pollution through the burning of biomass fuels is a global health concern and can lead to negative health outcomes such as asthma and lung disease. Objectives. The goal of this four-year study was to determine whether an intervention to reduce household air pollution (HAP) which included health education and a new well-ventilated cooking location would reduce exposure to HAP, lower carbon monoxide (CO) levels and improve the health of women and children in Port Sudan, Sudan. Methods. In 2016, 115 women of low socioeconomic status and their children were invited to participate in the study at two women's centers. One hundred and eleven women consented to participate and were divided into study and control groups on the basis of home ownership. Women who owned their homes learned about the adverse effects of HAP and a well-ventilated outside cooking location (rakoobah) was provided. Control women did not receive HAP education or a rakoobah. Questionnaires were used to assess the effect of education and a new well-ventilated cooking location for a group of Sudanese women who cook with biomass fuels. CO-oximetry was performed. Each year from 2017–2019, the questionnaires and CO-oximetry were repeated. Results. Sixty-five women and 33 children were assigned to the study group and 46 women and 19 children were assigned to the control group in 2016. Women were enrolled in 2016 with CO levels of 17.8% and 17.4%, respectively. One year later some of the study group women had lower CO levels and others higher, while the CO levels of the controls were stable. An intensive HAP education program was started for the study group women. By 2019, the last study year, the CO levels of both the study and control group women had dropped to normal levels of 2.9% and 3.1%, respectively. Control group women may have benefited from the HAP education and modeled behavior of those in the study group. Conclusions. The health impact of the change in cooking location was unclear, yet both groups reported fewer health care visits in 2019. Education and an outside cooking location resulted in lower CO levels of Sudanese women and children. Participant Consent. Obtained Ethics Approval. The study was approved by the Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center Institutional Review Board and the Ethics Committee of the Red Sea University Faculty of Medicine located in Port Sudan, Sudan. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

scholarly journals Attributing Air Pollutant Exposure to Emission Sources with Proximity Sensing

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Piedrahita ◽  
Evan R. Coffey ◽  
Yolanda Hagar ◽  
Ernest Kanyomse ◽  
Katelin Verploeg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Northern Ghana ◽  
Time Activity ◽  
Proximity Data ◽  
Air Quality Measurements ◽  
Pollution Exposure ◽  
Negative Health Outcomes

Biomass burning for home energy use contributes to negative health outcomes and environmental degradation. As part of the REACCTING study (Research on Emissions, Air quality, Climate, and Cooking Technologies in Northern Ghana), personal exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) was measured to gauge the effects of introducing two different cookstove types over four intervention groups. A novel Bluetooth Low-Energy (BLE) Beacon system was deployed on a subset of those CO measurement periods to estimate participants’ distances to their most-used cooking areas during the sampling periods. In addition to presenting methods and validation for the BLE Beacon system, here we present pollution exposure assessment modeling results using two different approaches, in which time-activity (proximity) data is used to: (1) better understand exposure and behaviors within and away from homes; and (2) predict personal exposure via microenvironment air quality measurements. Model fits were improved in both cases, demonstrating the benefits of the proximity measurements.

Sucrose and Facilitated Tucking for Pain Among Neonates Receiving Vaccination, in Puducherry

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujatha S. ◽  
Rebecca Samson ◽  
Christopher Amalraj ◽  
Sundaresan Sundaresan
Keyword(s):  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Primary Outcome Measure ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intradermal Vaccination ◽  
Term Neonates ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Pharmacologic Agents ◽  
Study Intervention

Neglected pain in neonates leads to various ill effects and it can be prevented by using simple and safe non-pharmacological pain relieving measures. Pharmacologic agents are not recommended in neonates for acute pain due toinvasive procedures however, administration of 24% oralsucrose solutionis found to be effective. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of 24%oral sucrose in combination with Facilitated tucking during BCG Vaccination through intradermalroute in term neonates which is not done elsewhere. Fifty five healthy term neonates who fulfilled the inclusion criteria such as gestational age above 37 weeks, within 24 hoursof birth age, and neonates delivered only through spontaneous vaginal delivery were included in the study. The study intervention consists of administration of 2 ml of oral 24% sucrose 2 minutes before BCG Vaccination through intradermal route and Facilitated tuckingat the time of vaccination. The primary outcome measure of cumulative NIPS score at 0, 3,5 minuteswas not significant in both the study groups. Whereas there was significant reduction in the level of pain and mean cry time in the neonates of sucrose group. Heart rateand oxygen saturation after intradermal injection also showed significant (p less than 0.001) differenceamong the neonates, who received 24% of oral sucroseand Facilitated tucking than for neonates of control group. Thus oral (24%)sucrose solution given 2 minutes before injection was effective in reducing level of neonatal pain following Intradermal Vaccination. It is a simple, safe and fast acting analgesic and should be considered for minor invasive procedures in term neonates which last for 5-7minutes.

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