scholarly journals Characteristics and Sources of Water-Soluble Ions in PM2.5 in the Sichuan Basin, China

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Chen ◽  
Shao-dong Xie ◽  
Bin Luo ◽  
Chongzhi Zhai
Keyword(s):  
Sichuan Basin ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Heterogeneous Reactions ◽  
Particulate Pollution ◽  
Soluble Ions ◽  
Water Soluble Inorganic Ions ◽  
Autumn And Winter

To track the particulate pollution in Sichuan Basin, sample filters were collected in three urban sites. Characteristics of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) were explored and their sources were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA). During 2012–2013, the PM2.5 concentrations were 86.7 ± 49.7 μg m−3 in Chengdu (CD), 78.6 ± 36.8 μg m−3 in Neijiang (NJ), and 71.7 ± 36.9 μg m−3 in Chongqing (CQ), respectively. WSIIs contributed about 50% to PM2.5, and 90% of them were secondary inorganic ions. NH4+ and NO3− roughly followed the seasonal pattern of PM2.5 variations, whereas the highest levels of SO42− appeared in summer and autumn. PM2.5 samples were most acidic in autumn and winter, but were alkaline in spring. The aerosol acidity increased with the increasing level of anion equivalents. SO42− primarily existed in the form of (NH4)2SO4. Full neutralization of NH4+ to NO3− was only observed in low levels of SO42− + NO3−, and NO3− existed in various forms. SO42− and NO3− were formed mainly through homogeneous reactions, and there was the existence of heterogeneous reactions under high relative humidity. The main identified sources of WSIIs included coal combustion, biomass burning, and construction dust.

scholarly journals Seasonal variations of water-soluble ions in PM10 at a WMO/GAW station in the Yangtze River Delta, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 194 ◽  
pp. 04058
Author(s):  
Dongqing Fang ◽  
Junli Jin ◽  
Wei Huang ◽  
Yong Zhang ◽  
Wanqi Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yangtze River ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Yangtze River Delta ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
The Yangtze River ◽  
Soluble Ions ◽  
Water Soluble Ions ◽  
Water Soluble Inorganic Ions ◽  
Oxidation Ratio ◽  
The Yangtze River Delta

In order to understand the seasonal levels, formation mechanism and atmospheric chemical behaviours of water-soluble ions of PM10 in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, aerosol samples were collected from January 2nd to December 28th, 2017 at a WMO/GAW regional background station in Lin’an. The concentrations of PM mass and nine water-soluble inorganic ions were obtained. The annual average concentration of PM10 was 59.9±33.9 μg m−3, lower than those reported in previous studies, indicating air quality of YRD region was improved. Nine water-soluble inorganic ions was accounted for 30.2-45.1% of the total PM mass, while ammonium (NH4+), sulfate (SO42+), as well as nitrate (NO3-) were the major ions which contributed 86.3% to total ions. The NO3- concentration was lowest in summer but highest in winter, suggesting it was likely influenced by thermodynamics. The levels of SO42- in spring and winter were related to photochemical reaction and regional transportation. Except for the SNA, Ca2+ was highest in four seasons likely due to sand storm and road fugitive dust. The annual mean ratio of [NO3-]/[SO42-] was nearly to 1, indicating mobile and stationary sources were equally important in Lin’an. The mean nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) and sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) were 0.22±0.13 and 0.41±0.13, respectively, suggesting secondary formation was significant in the atmosphere at the background station of YRD region.

scholarly journals Heterogeneous Formation of Particulate Nitrate under Ammonium-rich Regime during the high PM<sub>2.5</sub> events in Nanjing, China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Chi Lin ◽  
Yan-Lin Zhang ◽  
Mei-Yi Fan ◽  
Mengying Bao
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Soluble Ions ◽  
Potential Formation ◽  
Nanjing City ◽  
Water Soluble Inorganic Ions ◽  
On Line ◽  
Heterogeneous Formation

Abstract. Particulate nitrate (NO3−) not only influences regional climates but also contributes to the acidification of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. In 2016 and 2017, four intensive on-line measurements of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 were conducted in Nanjing City to investigate the potential formation mechanisms of particulate nitrate. During the sampling periods, NO3− was the most predominant species, accounting for 35 % of the total water-soluble inorganic ions, followed by SO42− (33 %) and NH4+ (24 %). Significant enhancements of nitrate aerosols in terms of both absolute concentrations and relative abundances suggested that NO3− was a major contributing species to high-PM2.5 events (hourly PM2.5 ≥ 150 μg m−3). High NO3− concentrations mainly occurred under NH4+-rich conditions, implying that the formation of nitrate aerosols in Nanjing involved NH3. During the high-PM2.5 events, the nitrogen conversion ratios (Fn) were positively correlated with the aerosol liquid water content (ALWC, R = 0.75, p 

scholarly journals Concentration Variability of Water-Soluble Ions during the Acceptable and Exceeded Pollution in an Industrial Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 3447
Author(s):  
Barbora Švédová ◽  
Helena Raclavská ◽  
Marek Kucbel ◽  
Jana Růžičková ◽  
Konstantin Raclavský ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Season ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Insoluble Particles ◽  
Soluble Ions ◽  
Chemical Composition Of Water ◽  
Water Soluble Ions ◽  
Water Soluble Inorganic Ions ◽  
Major Anions

This study investigates the chemical composition of water-soluble inorganic ions at eight localities situated in the Moravian–Silesian Region (the Czech Republic) at the border with Poland. Water-soluble inorganic ions were monitored in the winter period of 2018 (January, 11 days and February, 5 days). The set was divided into two periods: the acceptable period (the 24-h concentration of PM10 < 50 µg/m3) and the period with exceeded pollution (PM10 ˃ 50 µg/m3). Air quality in the Moravian–Silesian Region and Upper Silesia is among the most polluted in Europe, especially in the winter season when the concentration of PM10 is repeatedly exceeded. The information on the occurrence and behaviour of water-soluble inorganic ions in the air during the smog episodes in Europe is insufficient. The concentrations of water-soluble ions (chlorides, sulphates, nitrates, ammonium ions, potassium) during the exceeded period are higher by two to three times compared with the acceptable period. The major anions for both acceptable period and exceeded pollution are nitrates. During the period of exceeded pollution, percentages of water-soluble ions in PM10 decrease while percentages of carbonaceous matter and insoluble particles (fly ash) increase.

scholarly journals Water-Soluble Ions in Atmospheric Aerosol Measured in a Semi-Arid and Chemical-Industrialized City, Northwest China

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 456
Author(s):  
Huimin Jiang ◽  
Zhongqin Li ◽  
Feiteng Wang ◽  
Xi Zhou ◽  
Fanglong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Oxidation ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Heterogeneous Reactions ◽  
Anthropogenic Source ◽  
Heating Period ◽  
Qinghai Province ◽  
Soluble Ions ◽  
Water Soluble Ions ◽  
Semi Arid

We investigated water-soluble ions (WSIs) of aerosol samples collected from 2016 to 2017 in Lanzhou, a typical semi-arid and chemical-industrialized city in Northwest China. WSIs concentration was higher in the heating period (35.68 ± 19.17 μg/m3) and lower in the non-heating period (12.45 ± 4.21 μg/m3). NO3−, SO42−, NH4+ and Ca2+ were dominant WSIs. The concentration of SO42− has decreased in recent years, while the NO3− level was increasing. WSIs concentration was affected by meteorological factors. The sulfur oxidation and nitrogen oxidation ratios (SOR and NOR) exceeded 0.1, inferring the vital contribution of secondary transformation. Meanwhile higher O3 concentration and temperature promoted the homogeneous reaction of SO2. Lower temperature and high relative humidity (RH) were more suitable for heterogeneous reactions of NO2. Three-phase cluster analysis illustrated that the anthropogenic source ions and natural source ions were dominant WSIs during the heating and non-heating periods, respectively. The backward trajectory analysis and the potential source contribution function model indicated that Lanzhou was strongly influenced by the Hexi Corridor, northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, northern Qinghai province, Inner Mongolia Plateau and its surrounding cities. This research will improve our understanding of the air quality and pollutant sources in the industrial environment.

scholarly journals Characterization of Ambient Particulate Matters in an Industry-Intensive Area in Central Taiwan

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 926
Author(s):  
Hsing-Wang Li ◽  
Kang-Shin Chen ◽  
Chia-Hsiang Lai ◽  
Ting-Yu Chen ◽  
Yi-Ching Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Particulate Matters ◽  
Metallic Elements ◽  
Soluble Ions ◽  
Water Soluble Ions ◽  
Central Taiwan

Atmospheric particulate matters (PMs) were measured in an industry-intensive region in central Taiwan in order to investigate the characteristics and possible sources of PMs. The samplings were simultaneously conducted using a 10- and 3-stage Micro Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI) from 2017 to 2018. In this study, the characteristics of PMs in this region were evaluated by measuring the mass concentration of PMs and analyzing water-soluble ions and metallic elements, as well as dioxins. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify the potential sources of PMs. The results showed that the mean concentration of coarse (>1.8 μm), fine (0.1–1.8 μm), and ultrafine (<0.1 μm) particles were 13.60, 14.38, and 3.44 μg/m3, respectively. In the industry-intensive region, the size distribution of ambient particles showed a bi-modal distribution with a high concentration of coarse particles in the spring and summer, while fine particles were dominant in the autumn and winter. The most abundant water-soluble ions of PMs were NO3−, Cl−, and SO42−, while the majority of metallic elements were Na, Fe, Ca, Al, and Mg in different particle sizes. The results of Pearson’s correlation analysis for metals indicated that the particles in the collected air samples were related to the iron and steelmaking industries, coal burning, vehicle exhausts, and high-tech industries. The dioxin concentration ranged from 0.0006 to 0.0017 pg I-TEQ/Nm3. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the contribution to PMs was associated with sea salt, secondary pollutants, and industrial process.

Water-soluble inorganic ions of size-differentiated atmospheric particles from a suburban site of Mexico City

2017 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Telma Castro ◽  
Oscar Peralta ◽  
Dara Salcedo ◽  
José Santos ◽  
María I. Saavedra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Atmospheric Particles ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Water Soluble Inorganic Ions ◽  
Suburban Site

scholarly journals Chemical Characteristics of Major Inorganic Ions in PM2.5 Based on Year-Long Observations in Guiyang, Southwest China—Implications for Formation Pathways and the Influences of Regional Transport

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 847
Author(s):  
Hao Xiao ◽  
Hua-Yun Xiao ◽  
Zhong-Yi Zhang ◽  
Neng-Jian Zheng ◽  
Qin-kai Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Sulfur Oxidation ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Ions ◽  
Water Soluble Ions ◽  
Transformation Mechanisms ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Oxidation Ratio

Sulfate, nitrate and ammonium (SNA) are the dominant components of water-soluble ions (WSIs) in PM2.5, which are of great significance for understanding the sources and transformation mechanisms of PM2.5. In this study, daily PM2.5 samples were collected from September 2017 to August 2018 within the Guiyang urban area and the concentrations of the major WSIs in the PM2.5 samples were characterized. The results showed that the average concentration of SNA (SO42−, NO3−, NH4+) was 15.01 ± 9.35 μg m−3, accounting for 81.05% (48.71–93.76%) of the total WSIs and 45.33% (14.25–82.43%) of the PM2.5 and their possible chemical composition in PM2.5 was (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3. The highest SOR (sulfur oxidation ratio) was found in summer, which was mainly due to the higher temperature and O3 concentrations, while the lowest NOR (nitrogen oxidation ratio) found in summer may ascribe to the volatilization of nitrates being accelerated at higher temperature. Furthermore, the nitrate formation was more obvious in NH4+-rich environments so reducing NH3 emissions could effectively control the formation of nitrate. The results of the trajectory cluster analysis suggested that air pollutants can be easily enriched over short air mass trajectories from local emission sources, affecting the chemical composition of PM2.5.

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