The Rediscovered Watermark in the Drawing Leda and the Swan by Raphael Kept at Windsor Castle

Claudio Calì

doi:10.3390/arts10020033

The Rediscovered Watermark in the Drawing Leda and the Swan by Raphael Kept at Windsor Castle

Arts ◽

10.3390/arts10020033 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 33

Author(s):

Claudio Calì

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Da Vinci ◽

Data Extraction ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Leonardo Da Vinci ◽

Post Processing ◽

Depth Study ◽

Scientific Terms ◽

Paper Classification ◽

Oriented Approach

This article presents an in-depth study of Raphael’s drawing of Leda and the Swan (RCIN 912759), preserved at Windsor Castle. The research aims to make the paper’s physical properties accessible and extend the information on the watermark. The methodology follows an artistic–design-oriented approach. The data extraction process uses a back-lighting photographic technique combined with image post-processing operations. The work catalogues in scientific terms the complete paper mould lines of the Windsor sheet according to the International Standard of Paper Classification (IPH). Based on comparisons with a series of drawings by Leonardo da Vinci, the contribution suggests a chronological and provenance estimate of the paper used by Raphael.

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Replication of Internal Biological Surfaces

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100094802 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 30 ◽

pp. 308-309

Author(s):

J. A. Nowell ◽

J. Pangborn ◽

W. S. Tyler

Keyword(s):

Da Vinci ◽

Leonardo Da Vinci ◽

Rat Lung ◽

Tubular Structures ◽

Cerebral Ventricles ◽

Internal Surfaces ◽

Biological Surfaces ◽

Dog Kidney ◽

Lung And Kidney ◽

Scanning Electron

Leonardo da Vinci in the 16th century, used injection replica techniques to study internal surfaces of the cerebral ventricles. Developments in replicating media have made it possible for modern morphologists to examine injection replicas of lung and kidney with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Deeply concave surfaces and interrelationships to tubular structures are difficult to examine with the SEM. Injection replicas convert concavities to convexities and tubes to rods, overcoming these difficulties.Batson's plastic was injected into the renal artery of a horse kidney. Latex was injected into the pulmonary artery and cementex in the trachea of a cat. Following polymerization the tissues were removed by digestion in concentrated HCl. Slices of dog kidney were aldehyde fixed by immersion. Rat lung was aldehyde fixed by perfusion via the trachea at 30 cm H2O. Pieces of tissue 10 x 10 x 2 mm were critical point dried using CO2. Selected areas of replicas and tissues were coated with silver and gold and examined with the SEM.

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