scholarly journals Synthesis and Processing of Melt Spun Materials from Esterified Lignin with Lactic Acid

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (24) ◽  
pp. 5361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Goulis ◽  
Ioannis Kartsonakis ◽  
George Konstantopoulos ◽  
Costas Charitidis
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Carbon Fibers ◽  
Thermal Processing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
Melt Spun

In this study, the carbon fiber manufacturing process is investigated, using high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and esterified lignin either with lactic acid (LA) or with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as precursors. More specifically, lignin was modified using either LA or PLA in order to increase its chemical affinity with HDPE. The modified compounds were continuously melt spun to fibrous materials by blending with HDPE in order to fabricate a carbon fiber precursor. The obtained products were characterized with respect to their morphology, as well as their structure and chemical composition. Moreover, an assessment of both physical and structural transformations after modification of lignin with LA and PLA was performed in order to evaluate the spinning ability of the composite fibers, as well as the thermal processing to carbon fibers. This bottom–up approach seems to be able to provide a viable route considering large scale production in order to transform lignin in value-added product. Tensile tests revealed that the chemical lignin modification allowed an enhancement in its spinning ability due to its compatibility improvement with the commercial low-cost and thermoplastic HDPE polymer. Finally, stabilization and carbonization thermal processing was performed in order to obtain carbon fibers.

scholarly journals Pyrolysis kinetics and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid)/bamboo particle biocomposites: Effect of particle size distribution

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 524-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shen Zhang ◽  
Yue Liang ◽  
Xiangqun Qian ◽  
David Hui ◽  
Kuichuan Sheng
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Diffusion Control ◽  
Scale Production

AbstractBamboo particle (BP)-reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) biocomposites were fabricated. The effect of the BP particle size distribution on the pyrolysis and mechanical properties of PLA biocomposites was evaluated. The optimum particle size of BP for improving the tensile strength PLA biocomposites is 200 mesh (16.6–84.5 µm). The pyrolysis mechanism and kinetics were studied according to the Coats–Redfern method. The addition of BP inhibited the pyrolysis process of PLA. The activation energy of biocomposites ranged from 120.7 to 151.5 kJ/mol, which is significantly higher than that of the neat PLA. The pyrolysis mechanisms of biocomposites are attributed to the chemical reaction at low pyrolysis temperature (270–400℃) and ash layer diffusion control at high pyrolysis temperature (400–600℃). Crystallization behavior of biocomposites showed that small BPs in PLA biocomposites generated more cross-linking points in the PLA matrix, which constrained the movement of the molecular chain and acted as an effective nucleating agent in promoting the crystallization process. The pyrolysis behavior and mechanical properties analysis provide critical information for potential large-scale production of the PLA biocomposites.

scholarly journals The Wood-Based Biorefinery: A Source of Carbon Fiber?

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Göran Gellerstedt ◽  
Elisabeth Sjöholm ◽  
Ida Brodin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Kraft Lignin ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Renewable Materials ◽  
Construction Steel ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Physical And Chemical

In this mini-review, various attempts to make carbon fiber from lignins are discussed. The replacement of construction steel in cars and trucks with a much lighter carbon fiber-based composite will ultimately result in more fuelefficient vehicles. To replace the precursors of carbon fiber, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), or other non-renewable materials such as pitch, by cheap (kraft) lignin, a comprehensive understanding of the physical and chemical characteristics of lignin and the development of methods for its homogeneous large-scale production must be achieved.

scholarly journals Biotechnological valorization of agro industrial and household wastes for lactic acid production

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Romo-Buchelly ◽  
María Rodríguez-Torres ◽  
Fernando Orozco-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Different Types ◽  
High Transformation ◽  
Transformation Potential ◽  
The Cost

Lactic acid (LA) is an organic compound used in several industries, such as food, textile, chemical, and pharmaceutical. The global interest  in  this  product  is  due  to  its  use  for  the  synthesis  of  numerous  chemical  compounds,  including  polylactic  acid,  a  biode-gradable thermoplastic and substitute for petroleum-derived plastics. An in-depth overview of the use of industrial and household wastes as inexpensive substrates in order to reduce the cost of LA production is presented. A review is carried out of the biotech-nological aspects that must be taken into account when using some wastes with high transformation potential to produce LA in a submerged  culture,  as  well  recommendations  for  their  use.  The  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  different  types  of  treatments used for the transformation of waste into suitable substrates are considered. Several methods of fermentation, as well as genetic strategies for increasing the production, are summarized and compared. It is expected that in a few years there will be many ad-vances in these areas that will allow greater large-scale production of LA using agroindustrial or household wastes, with potential positive economic and environmental impact in some regions of the planet.

Feasibility and Characterization of Large-Scale Additive Manufacturing With Long Fiber Reinforced Composites

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditya R. Thakur ◽  
Ming C. Leu ◽  
Xiangyang Dong
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Carbon Fibers ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
High Deposition Rate ◽  
Reinforced Composites ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Continuous Fiber ◽  
Long Carbon Fibers

Abstract A new additive manufacturing (AM) approach to fabricate long fiber reinforced composites (LFRC) was proposed in this study. A high deposition rate was achieved by the implementation of a single-screw extruder, which directly used thermoplastic pellets and continuous fiber tows as feedstock materials. Thus, the proposed method was also used as a large-scale additive manufacturing (LSAM) method for printing large-volume components. Using polylactic acid (PLA) pellets and continuous carbon fiber tows, the feasibility of the proposed AM method was investigated through printing LFRC samples and further demonstrated by fabricating large-volume components with complex geometries. The printed LFRC samples were compared with pure thermoplastic and continuous fiber reinforced composite (CFRC) counterparts via mechanical tests and microstructural analyses. With comparable flexural modulus, the flexural strength of the LFRC samples was slightly lower than that of the CFRC samples. An average improvement of 28% in flexural strength and 50% in flexural modulus were achieved compared to those of pure PLA parts, respectively. Discontinuous long carbon fibers, with an average fiber length of 20.1 mm, were successfully incorporated into the printed LFRC samples. The carbon fiber orientation, distribution of carbon fiber length, and dispersion of carbon fiber as well as porosity were further studied. The carbon fibers were highly oriented along the printing direction with a relatively uniformly distributed fiber reinforcement across the LFRC cross section. With high deposition rate (up to 0.8 kg/hr) and low material costs (< $10/kg), this study demonstrated the potentials of the proposed printing method in LSAM of high strength polymer composites reinforced with long carbon fibers.

Effect of chemical and enzymatic treatments of alfa fibers on polylactic acid bio-composites properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (30) ◽  
pp. 4959-4967
Author(s):  
Mouna Werchefani ◽  
Catherine Lacoste ◽  
Hafedh Belguith ◽  
Ali Gargouri ◽  
Chedly Bradai
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Homogeneous Distribution ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Fiber Modification ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Alfa Fibers ◽  
Fiber Matrix

Poor interfacial adhesion between vegetable fibers and bio-based thermoplastics is recognized as a serious drawback for biocomposite materials. To be applicable for a large-scale production, one should consider appropriate methods of natural fiber handling. This study presented poly(lactic acid) (PLA) reinforced with Alfa short fibers and four types of fiber treatment were selected. The effect of these treatments on the tensile properties and the morphology of biocomposites was studied. Composite samples were produced using a twin-screw extruder and an injection molding machine with a fiber percentage of 20 wt %. Prior to composite manufacture, Alfa fibers were subjected to mechanical, chemical and enzymatic modifications. The comparison of enzyme treated fibers and NaOH treated fibers was investigated by means of biochemical and morphological analyses. It was observed that enzymes decompose lignin, pectin and hemicelluloses from the fiber bundles interface leading to the reduction of technical fiber diameter and length. The elimination of these hydrophilic components resulted also in an increase of the water resistance of treated fibers. A bigger fiber-matrix interface area was thus created, which facilitated fiber-matrix adhesion and enhanced mechanical characteristics of the composites. SEM micrographs showed homogeneous distribution of treated fibers in the polymer matrix. Tensile strength of PLA biocomposites filled with pectinase treated fibers was increased by 27% over untreated samples. The data proved that enzymatic treatment can be used as an effective and ecofriendly strategy of fiber modification for natural fiber-reinforced composite production. These materials can be used in several domains such as construction, automotive applications and packaging industries.

Study on parameters influencing shape change of melt spun cross-shaped polypropylene and poly (lactic acid) fibers

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chureerat Prahsarn ◽  
Nanjaporn Roungpaisan ◽  
Wattana Klinsukhon ◽  
Natthaphop Suwannamek
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Shape Change ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Melt Spun
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