scholarly journals Influence of Multiple Openings on Reinforced Concrete Outrigger Walls in a Tall Building

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (22) ◽  
pp. 4913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han-Soo Kim ◽  
Yi-Tao Huang ◽  
Hui-Jing Jin
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Lateral Displacement ◽  
Tall Buildings ◽  
Structural Performance ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Wall Area ◽  
Strut And Tie ◽  
Equivalent Bending Stiffness ◽  
Strut And Tie Model

Outrigger systems have been used to control the lateral displacement of tall buildings. Reinforced concrete (R.C.) outrigger walls with openings can be used to replace conventional steel outrigger trusses. In this paper, a structural model for an R.C. outrigger wall with multiple openings was proposed, and the effects of the multiple openings on the stiffness and strength of the outrigger walls were evaluated. The equivalent bending stiffness of the outrigger wall was derived to predict the lateral displacement at the top of tall buildings and internal shear force developed in the wall. The openings for the passageway in the wall were designed by the strut-and-tie model. The stiffness and strength of the outrigger wall with multiple openings was analyzed by the nonlinear finite element analysis. Taking into consideration the degradation in stiffness and strength, the ratio of the opening area to the outrigger wall area is recommended to be less than 20%. The degradation of stiffness due to openings does not affect the structural performance of the outrigger system when the outrigger has already large stiffness as the case of reinforced concrete outrigger walls.

scholarly journals Response of the Flat Reinforced Concrete Floor Slab with Openings under Cyclic In-Plane Loading

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Eden Shukri Kalib ◽  
Yohannes Werkina Shewalul
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Lateral Displacement ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Hysteretic Behavior ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Floor Slab ◽  
Floor Slabs

The responses of flat reinforced concrete (RC) floor slabs with openings subjected to horizontal in-plane cyclic loads in addition to vertical service loads were investigated using nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA). A finite element model (FEM) was designed to perform a parametric analysis. The effects of opening sizes (7%, 14%, 25%, and 30% of the total area of the slab), opening shapes (elliptical, circular, L-shaped, T-shaped, cross, and rectangular), and location on the hysteretic behavior of the floor slab were considered. The research indicated that openings in RC floor slabs reduce the energy absorption capacity and stiffness of the floor slab. The inclusion of 30% opening on the floor slab causes a 68.5%, 47.3%, and 45.6% drop in lateral load capacity, stiffness, and lateral displacement, respectively, compared to the floor slab with no openings. The flat RC floor slab with a circular opening shape has increased efficiency. The placement of the openings is more desirable by positioning the openings at the intersection of two-column strips.

An evaluation of pile cap design methods in accordance with the Canadian design standard

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Cavers ◽  
Gordon A Fenton
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Structural Design ◽  
Design Methods ◽  
Building Codes ◽  
Design Models ◽  
Design Standard ◽  
Strut And Tie ◽  
Pile Cap ◽  
Pile Caps ◽  
Strut And Tie Model

There are a number of design methods that have been described for the design of pile caps, but there has been no consensus on which method provides the best approach for the working designer. This paper describes a study conducted to establish the performance of several pile cap design methods, particularly with respect to the Canadian standard, CSA A23.3-94. Previous research was examined to determine the basis of the design methods and the state of current research. The design methods identified were then applied to pile caps for which test data were available. The theoretical loads obtained using the various design methods were compared with the experimental loads. The results of this study indicate that two design models of the five examined are the most suitable. This study also indicates that the provisions of the Canadian design standard are adequate. A possible refinement of the strut-and-tie model incorporating a geometric limit is also outlined.Key words: building codes, footings, pile caps, reinforced concrete, structural design.

Study on Mechanical Behaviors and Calculation of Shear Strength of Steel Truss Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams

2011 ◽  
Vol 243-249 ◽  
pp. 514-520
Author(s):  
Chun Yang ◽  
Ming Ji He ◽  
Jian Cai ◽  
Yan Sheng Huang ◽  
Yi Wu
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Deep Beam ◽  
Deep Beams ◽  
Steel Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Strut And Tie ◽  
Steel Truss ◽  
Mechanical Performances ◽  
Strut And Tie Model

Based on strut-and-tie model (STM) in deep beams, steel truss reinforced concrete (STRC) deep beam was developed. Experimental investigations of mechanical performances of STRC deep beams were carried out, and results show that STRC deep beam is of high ultimate bearing capacity, large rigidity and good ductility; Strut-and-tie force transference model is formed in STRC deep beams, and loads can be transferred in the shortest and direct way. Then Steel reinforced concrete (SRC) strut-and-tie model (SSTM) for determining the shear strength of STRC deep beams is proposed. The contribution of SRC diagonal strut, longitudinal reinforcements, stirrups and web reinforcements to the shear strength of STRC deep beams are determined with consideration of softened effects of concrete, and for safe consideration, superposition theory is employed for SRC struts. Computer programs are developed to calculate the shear strength of STRC deep beams and verified by experimental results.

Shear Strength Prediction of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams Using Strut-and-Tie Model

2014 ◽  
Vol 931-932 ◽  
pp. 468-472
Author(s):  
Piyoros Tasenhod ◽  
Jaruek Teerawong
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Beams ◽  
Strength Prediction ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Shear Span ◽  
Strut And Tie ◽  
Effective Depth ◽  
Strut And Tie Model

Shear strength prediction of simple deep reinforced concrete beams by method of strut-and-tie model is presented in this paper. The tested specimens were designed according to Appendix A of ACI 318-11 code with variations of shear span-to-effective depth ratios and ratios of horizontal and vertical crack-controlling reinforcement. Test results revealed that at the same shear span-to-effective depth ratio, the various crack-controlling reinforcements significantly influenced on strength reduction coefficients of strut and failure modes. When the shear span-to-effective depth ratios were increased, failure modes changed from splitting diagonal strut to flexural-shear failure. Based on the test results, the proposed model was compared with Appendix A of ACI 318-11code.

scholarly journals Composite Strut and Tie Model for Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kil-Hee Kim ◽  
Woo-Bum Kim ◽  
Jin-Man Kim ◽  
Sang-Woo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Deep Beams ◽  
Strut And Tie ◽  
Strut And Tie Model

Shear Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams with Various Horizontal to Vertical Reinforcements and Shear Span-to-Effective Depth Ratios

2014 ◽  
Vol 931-932 ◽  
pp. 473-477
Author(s):  
Prach Amornpinnyo ◽  
Jaruek Teerawong
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Shear Behavior ◽  
Beam Specimen ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Deep Beams ◽  
Shear Span ◽  
Strut And Tie ◽  
Vertical Reinforcement ◽  
Effective Depth ◽  
Strut And Tie Model

This paper presents the test results on the shear behavior of reinforced concrete deep beams with six steel reinforcement configurations. They were designed in accordance with the method given in the ACI 318-11. The specimens were subjected to the single concentrated loading at mid-span. The horizontal to vertical reinforcement ratios and shear span-to-effective depth ratios were the variables studied. The shear span-to-effective depth ratios of the beam specimen were between 1.5 to 2.0. The strut-and-tie model was used for the analysis. The test results indicated that the first diagonal cracking load and the failure mode were controlled by the horizontal to vertical reinforcement ratios and the shear span-to-depth ratios. The tests consistently gave the strength values slightly less than those calculated by using the ACI model. A modified ACI model for strut-and-tie was thus proposed and was found to accurately fit the experimental results.

scholarly journals Punching shear behavior of thick reinforced concrete slabs according to Strut-and-Tie model

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-192
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Urban ◽  
Jakub Krakowski
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Experimental Test ◽  
Shear Behavior ◽  
Punching Shear ◽  
Concrete Slabs ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Strut And Tie ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Slabs ◽  
Symmetric Loading ◽  
Strut And Tie Model

The punching shear behavior of thick reinforced concrete slabs was analyzed in this paper by using strut-and-tie model (S-T). Calculating procedures were compared to our own experimental test results. The analyzed elements were subjected to symmetric loading and without shear reinforcement.

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