scholarly journals An Accurate Probabilistic Model for TVWS Identification

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (20) ◽  
pp. 4232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilo Corral-De-Witt ◽  
Sabbir Ahmed ◽  
Faroq Awin ◽  
José Luis Rojo-Álvarez ◽  
Kemal Tepe
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Probabilistic Model ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
False Alarm Probability ◽  
Energy Detection ◽  
Spectrum Efficiency ◽  
Secondary Users ◽  
Primary Users ◽  
Proposed Model

Television White Spaces (TVWS)-based cognitive radio systems can improve spectrum efficiency by facilitating opportunistic usage of television broadcasting spectrum by secondary users without interfering with primary users. Previously applied models introduce missed detection errors, giving a limited estimation of the spectrum occupancy, which does not correspond to the reality of its usage, hence resulting in a partial waste of this resource. Considering jointly parameters like false alarm probability and detection probability, this article proposes a probabilistic model that can identify TVWS with improved accuracy. The proposed model considers energy detection criteria, combined with simultaneous sensing of the noise and of the signal from primary users. In order to demonstrate the model effectiveness, a low-cost Mobile Spectrum Sensing Station prototype was designed, implemented, and subsequently mounted on a vehicle. More than eight million spatio-temporally variant data samples were collected by scanning the UHF-TV spectrum of 500–698 MHz in the city of Windsor, ON, Canada. Analysis of the collected data showed that the proposed model achieves an accuracy improvement of about 9.6% compared to existing models, demonstrating that TVWS vary with spatial displacement and increasing significantly in the rural areas. Even in the most crowded spectrum zone, about 28% of the channels are identified as TVWS, and this number increases to a maximum of 60% in less crowded regions in urban areas. We conclude that the proposed model improves the TVWS detection compared with other used models, and also that the elements considered in this research contribute to reduce the complexity of the mathematical calculations while maintaining the accuracy. A low-cost open-source sensing station has been designed and tested, which represents an operative and useful data source in this setting.

scholarly journals Experimental Measurement of Rice Husk Effectiveness as an Alternative Adsorbent for Turbidity Reduction in Synthetic Water

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-334
Author(s):  
Noora Saad Faraj Al-Dulaimi ◽  
Samara Saad Faraj Al-Dulaimi
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Cheap Alternative ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Ph Level ◽  
The Cost

Providing a clean and high quality drinking water to both rural as well as urban areas is a great challenge by itself, adding to it the large volume requirements of such water at high population areas means a very high cost for such industry because mainly of the cost of expensive commercially available adsorbent used in this process. This led inhabitants of the remote and/or rural areas to use less quality water with all its risks and health challenges. In this study, a locally collected rice husk is tested to be used as an alternative adsorbent to the expensive common commercial ones. Parameters like adsorbent dosage, initial concentration of turbidity, and pH level were tested to investigate their effects on the process. Treatment of synthetic turbid water was done after changing these parameters to measure the effect of each parameter alone and the results showed a set of parameters that can be used to achieve high efficiency of turbidity removal. The study concluded that rice husk can be used as a well cheap alternative adsorbent to reduce the river water turbidity due to its availability and low cost with a decent removal efficiency approaching 95%.

SKEWED PEDIATRIC PRIORITIES

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-388
Author(s):  
D. Morley
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Low Cost

Although three quarters of the population in most developing countries live in rural areas, three quarters of the spending on medical care is in urban areas, where three quarters of the doctors live. Three quarters of the deaths are caused by conditions that can be prevented at low cost, but three quarters of the medical budget is spent on curative services, many of them provided for the elite at high cost.

scholarly journals HOUSING AFFORDABILITY AND INTER-REGIONAL MOVES AMONG OLDER ADULTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S276-S276
Author(s):  
Sarah Mawhorter ◽  
Jennifer A Ailshire
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Housing Affordability ◽  
Housing Crisis ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Home Equity

Abstract Housing prices have risen in urban areas across the US since 2000, with only a brief interruption after the housing crisis of 2008. At the same time, prosperous urban areas have pulled away from declining urban and rural areas. Older adults are more likely to be affected by both increases and divergence of housing prices: owners may not be able to afford rising property taxes (though they benefit from increasing home equity), and renters are especially vulnerable. Housing affordability constraints may also affect the places where older adults can afford to move. In this paper, we compare the residential mobility patterns of adults aged 50+ living in high-cost, mid-cost, and low-cost areas from 2000-2014, using data from the Health and Retirement Study with county-level US Census and American Community Survey contextual data, as well as the Zillow Home Value Index. We find that both homeowners and renters living in high-cost areas remain in place at higher rates compared with those living in mid-cost and low-cost areas. Among those who move, older adults living in high-cost regions move towards mid-cost and low-cost regions more often than the reverse. The differences are particularly pronounced for renters. The overall outcome is a net movement of older adults away from high-cost areas towards mid-cost and low-cost areas. These shifts have consequences for the well-being of older adults facing budget constraints that may limit the areas where they can afford to live or move, and broader implications for the future of urban areas.

scholarly journals Perpetual ‘Outcasts’? Squatters in peri-urban Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

Afrika Focus ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Busani Mpofu
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Informal Economies ◽  
Hard Times ◽  
Housing Shortages ◽  
Urban Development Policy

After independence in 1980 Zimbabwe’s cities experienced a proliferation in the number of squatter camps. This was because of the failure of the urban economy to offer adequate housing and jobs, leaving peri-urban space as the only sanctuary for the urban poor to live in and eke out a living informally. The promotion of rural ‘growth points’ by the national government to promote rural development to discourage migration to urban areas failed. Yet, a poor policy response by the state to this negative outcome of rapid urbanisation that aims to reverse this rural-urban migration has led to unending confrontations between its various arms and squatters who continue to be regarded as encroachers. Focussing on Bulawayo, the second largest city in Zimbabwe, and based on interviews, archival research, Council minutes and newspapers, this article critiques the state’s urban development policy vis-à-vis squatters and informality. It is argued that the persist- ence of a salient perception by government officials that all Africans belong to rural areas and have access to land they can fall back on in hard times serves as a vital lubricant to the state’s action of forcibly sending squatters to rural areas. This ignores the historical pattern of rapid urbanisation and the growth of informal economies supporting the livelihoods of thousands of people. I seek to add to the literature on low-cost housing shortages, urban squatters and peri-urbanism in Zim- babwe and on studies of informality in Third World cities in general. Key words: squatters, outcasts, informality, institutional weaknesses, peri-urban Bulawayo, Zimbabwe 

scholarly journals Few Tweets After Flu Peak: Twitter-based Influenza Detection by Referring Indirect Information (Preprint)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoko Wakamiya ◽  
Yukiko Kawai ◽  
Eiji Aramaki
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
Baseline Model ◽  
Social Networking Services ◽  
Direct Information ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Indirect Information ◽  
Social Sensors

UNSTRUCTURED Background & Objective: The recent rise in popularity and scale of social networking services (SNSs) has resulted in an increasing need for SNS-based information extraction systems. A popular application of SNS data is health surveillance for predicting an outbreak of epidemics by detecting diseases from text messages posted on SNS platforms. Such applications share a following logic: they incorporate SNS users as social sensors. These social sensors-based approaches also share a common problem: SNS-based surveillances are much more reliable if sufficient numbers of users are active, and small or inactive populations produce inconsistent results. This paper proposes a novel approach that overcomes this problem using indirect information covering both urban areas and rural areas within the posts. Methods: To estimate the trend of the patient number in each area and each season, we present a TRAP model by embedding both direct information and indirect information. A collection of tweets spanning three years (seven million influenza-related tweets in Japanese) is used to evaluate the model. Both direct information and indirect information that mentions other places were used. As indirect information is less reliable (too noisy or too old) than direct information, the indirect information data were not utilized directly but were considered as inhibiting direct information. For example, when indirect information appeared often, it was considered as signifying that everyone already had a known disease, leading to a small amount of direct information. Results & Conclusions: The results evaluated using correlation coefficient revealed that the baseline model (BASELINE+NLP) shows 0.36, and the proposed model (TRAP+NLP) improved the accuracy (0.70, +0.34 points).

Spectrum Sensing and Throughput Analysis for Cognitive Radio An Overview

2012 ◽  
pp. 203-224
Author(s):  
M. A. Matin ◽  
M Ahmed ◽  
N. Ferdous
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Power Allocation ◽  
Spectrum Sensing ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Spectrum Efficiency ◽  
System Throughput ◽  
Secondary Users ◽  
Primary Users ◽  
Spectrum Scarcity ◽  
Cooperative Relays

Cognitive radio (CR) is a new technology introduced to deal with the issues of spectrum scarcity and underutilization. Since the spectrum is limited, the unlicensed secondary users (CR users) opportunistically access the underutilized spectrum allocated to the licensed primary users (PUs) of the network. This chapter first gives a brief overview on spectrum sensing and its impact on the system throughput in a cognitive radio network. Later, cooperative relays are introduced in the network to improve spectrum efficiency and mitigate interference to PU. A detailed analysis of power allocation is demonstrated where the transmit power of CR is kept within such limit so that it can maintain low interference to PU. This optimal power allocation can achieve high throughput, which is also presented in this chapter.

Automated detection of urban heat islands based on satellite imagery, digital surface models, and a low-cost sensor network                                     

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Schlögl ◽  
Nico Bader ◽  
Julien Gérard Anet ◽  
Martin Frey ◽  
Curdin Spirig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Urban Heat Islands ◽  
Heat Islands ◽  
Micro Scale ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Urban Heat

<p>Today, more than half of the world’s population lives in urban areas and the proportion is projected to increase further in the near future. The increased number of heatwaves worldwide caused by the anthropogenic climate change may lead to heat stress and significant economic and ecological damages. Therefore, the growth of urban areas in combination with climate change can increase future mortality rates in cities, given that cities are more vulnerable to heatwaves due to the greater heat storage capacity of artificial surfaces towards higher longwave radiation fluxes.</p><p>To detect urban heat islands and resolve the micro-scale air temperature field in an urban environment, a low-cost air temperature network, including 450 sensors, was installed in the Swiss cities of Zurich and Basel in 2019 and 2020. These air temperature data, complemented with further official measurement stations, force a statistical air temperature downscaling model for urban environments, which is used operationally to calculate hourly micro-scale air temperatures in 10 m horizontal resolution. In addition to air temperature measurements from the low-cost sensor network, the model is further forced by albedo, NDVI, and NDBI values generated from the polar-orbiting satellite Sentinel-2, land surface temperatures estimated from Landsat-8, and high-resolution digital surface and elevation models.</p><p>Urban heat islands (UHI) are processed averaging hourly air temperatures over an entire year for each grid point, and comparing this average to the overall average in rural areas. UHI effects can then be correlated to high-resolution local climate zone maps and other local factors.</p><p>Between 60-80 % of the urban area is modeled with an accuracy below 1 K for an hourly time step indicating that the approach may work well in different cities. However, the outcome may depend on the complexity of the cities. The model error decreases rapidly by increasing the number of spatially distributed sensor data used to train the model, from 0 to 70 sensors, and then plateaus with further increases. An accuracy below 1 K can be expected for more than 50 air temperature measurements within the investigated cities and the surrounding rural areas. </p><p>A strong statistical air temperature model coupled with atmospheric boundary layer models (e.g. PALM-4U, MUKLIMO, FITNAH) will aid to generate highly resolved urban heat island prediction maps that help decision-makers to identify local heat islands easier. This will ensure that financial resources will be invested as efficiently as possible in mitigation actions.</p>

scholarly journals Robust Spectrum Sensing Demonstration Using a Low-Cost Front-End Receiver

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Borio ◽  
Emanuele Angiuli ◽  
Raimondo Giuliani ◽  
Gianmarco Baldini
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
False Alarm ◽  
Spectrum Sensing ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Detection Probability ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
False Alarm Probability ◽  
Primary Users ◽  
Front End ◽  
Challenging Tasks

Spectrum Sensing (SS) is an important function in Cognitive Radio (CR) to detect primary users. The design of SS algorithms is one of the most challenging tasks in CR and requires innovative hardware and software solutions to enhance detection probability and minimize low false alarm probability. Although several SS algorithms have been developed in the specialized literature, limited work has been done to practically demonstrate the feasibility of this function on platforms with significant computational and hardware constraints. In this paper, SS is demonstrated using a low cost TV tuner as agile front-end for sensing a large portion of the Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) spectrum. The problems encountered and the limitations imposed by the front-end are analysed along with the solutions adopted. Finally, the spectrum sensor developed is implemented on an Android device and SS implementation is demonstrated using a smartphone.

scholarly journals Solar Water Filtration and Vending System

2021 ◽  
pp. 410-414
Author(s):  
Mr. Shivam Bhakare ◽  
Mr. Karan Parab ◽  
Mr. Aniket Kesharwani ◽  
Mr. Rohit Gavalee ◽  
Prof. Kanchan Bhosle
Keyword(s):  
Power Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mineral Water ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Filtration ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
The One

In India there is problem of safe drinking water therefore we are going to provide mineral water. Water has become the most commercial products of the century. On the one hand, the rapidly rising population and changing lifestyles have increased the need for fresh water. If opportunity costs were taken into account, it would be clear that in most rural areas, households are paying far more for water supply than the often-normal rates charged in urban areas. Also, if this cost of fetching water which is almost equivalent. Water is the most important aspect of our life but what happens in the real world is there is lot of wastage in water. By implementing water vending machine we eliminate the waste of water and provide good quality of water at low cost. For this entire system we are using renewable energy source that is solar energy for power supply. The heart of the system is micro controller.

scholarly journals Hrudyalysis: A Novel Cloud-Based ECG Analytics Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 2508-2515
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fear Of Falling ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Rural India

Nowadays, people live in a world that is quite fast paced and competitive. All are running behind the money and success under the stress and fear of falling behind the race ignoring our health. Lack of physical activity due to shortage of time and acquiring the habit of intoxication for the purpose of releasing this stress make the matter worse for our heart. These are the two primary reasons for heart diseases in case of urban people. On the other hand, as the percentage of people staying in rural areas is more than urban areas, the people of rural India also suffer from heart diseases. Acquisition of urban lifestyle by rural people and inaccessibility to costly healthcare services are the two most important reasons for increasing rate of heart diseases in rural India. Even young adults are falling prey to heart diseases in an alarming rate. In short, the problem of heart-related diseases is being evolved as a matter of great concern in context to the Indian Territory. According to the WHO, coronary artery disease will take the form of epidemic in India by the year 2022. So, we need fast, efficient and low-cost devices for beforehand identification of symptoms related to the heart diseases. The most common device to identify and diagnose heart related diseases is the conventional 12-lead ECG device. But, there are various factors that pose complexities in diagnosing cardiovascular diseases by the 12-lead ECG devices. It is a costly device and it needs a trained person for handling complex and burdensome diagnosis method. In the context of unavailability of enough trained medical people this can be a great hindrance in preventing the epidemic of coronary artery diseases. So, in this research work, a single lead ECG device has been proposed which is of low-cost and diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases is carried out with the aid of a cloud computing environment.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document