scholarly journals Identification of Critical Pipes Using a Criticality Index in Water Distribution Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (19) ◽  
pp. 4052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malvin S. Marlim ◽  
Gimoon Jeong ◽  
Doosun Kang
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Simulation Approach ◽  
Water Age ◽  
Water Service ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Value Loss

A water distribution network (WDN) is a critical infrastructure that must be maintained, ensuring a proper water supply to widespread customers. A WDN consists of various components, such as pipes, valves, pumps, and tanks, and these elements interact with each other to provide adequate system performance. If the elements fail due to internal or external interruptions, this may adversely impact water service to different degrees depending on the failed elements. To determine an appropriate maintenance priority, the critical elements need to be identified and mapped in the network. To identify and prioritize the critical elements (here, we focus on the pipes only) in the WDN, an element-based simulation approach is proposed, in which all the composing pipes of the WDN are reviewed one at a time. The element-based criticality is measured using several criticality indexes that are newly proposed in this study. The proposed criticality indexes are used to quantify the impacts of element failure to water service degradation. Here, four criticality indexes are developed: supply shortage (SS), economic value loss (EVL), pressure decline (PD), and water age degradation (WAD). Each of these indexes measures different aspects of the consequences, specifically social, economic, hydraulic, and water quality, respectively. The separate values of the indexes from all pipes in a network are then combined into a singular criticality value for assessment. For demonstration, the proposed approach is applied to four real WDNs to identify and prioritize the critical pipes. The proposed element-based simulation approach can be used to identify the critical components and setup maintenance scheduling of WDNs for preparedness of failure events.

scholarly journals Pressure Regulation vs. Water Aging in Water Distribution Networks

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Menelaos Patelis ◽  
Vasilis Kanakoudis ◽  
Anastasia Kravvari
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
High Water ◽  
Pressure Regulation ◽  
Water Age ◽  
Hydraulic Simulation ◽  
Annual Water ◽  
Winter Time ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, the effects of pressure regulation in a water distribution network (WDN) are being examined. Quality is hammered the most when pressure is reduced in a WDN and this occurs due to the increase in the age of water flowing inside the network pipes (water age is actually the total time the water remains inside the pipes before reaching the customer’s tap). Kos town WDN is used as the case study network. Kos town is the capital of the homonymous Greek island, among the most famous and popular of the Greek islands. The specific WDN is quite typical but very interesting, as it is extended along the seafront. The network’s hydraulic simulation model was developed through the WaterCad V8i software. As Kos experiences too high-water demand peaks and lows during summer and winter time, respectively, its WDN has already been thoroughly studied, in order to regulate the pressure and reduce its annual water loss rates. Nevertheless, these scenarios have never been examined regarding the impact on water quality. In the current study, the division of the WDN in District Metered Areas (DMAs) and the use of a Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV) in the entering node of each DMA are being evaluated in terms of water age. Additionally, a swift optimization process takes place to produce different DMAs’ borders, based on the criteria of minimum nodal water age, instead of optimal pressure. Different scenarios were tested on the calibrated and validated hydraulic model of Kos town WDN.

scholarly journals Optimizing the Formation of DMAs in a Water Distribution Network Applying Geometric Partitioning (GP) and Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs)

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stavroula Chatzivasili ◽  
Katerina Papadimitriou ◽  
Vasilis Kanakoudis ◽  
Menelaos Patelis
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Gaussian Mixture ◽  
Optimal Placement ◽  
Water Age ◽  
Optimal Separation ◽  
Geometric Partitioning

In the last three decades, the need of achieving a reliable water distribution system has become more eminent for both the consumer’s satisfaction and the efficient management of water sources. The purpose of this paper is to provide an optimal separation of a water distribution network (WDN) into District Metered Areas (DMAs) in order to ensure that the delivered water is of proper age and pressure. At first, the water distribution network is divided into smaller areas via the method of Geometric Partitioning, which is based on Recursive Coordinate Bisection (RCB). Subsequently, Gaussian Mixture Modelling (GMM) solution is applied, obtaining an optimal placement of isolation valves and separation of the WDN into DMAs. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated on two different networks and is compared against the Genetic Algorithm (GA) tool, constituting a very promising approach, especially for sizeable water distribution networks due to the diminished running time and the noteworthy reduction of pressure and water age.

scholarly journals Optimizing Water Age and Pressure in Drinking Water Distribution Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Kourbasis ◽  
Menelaos Patelis ◽  
Stavroula Tsitsifli ◽  
Vasilis Kanakoudis
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Water Age ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Simulation And Optimization

Water distribution networks suffer from high levels of water losses due to leaks and breaks, mainly due to high operating pressure. One of the most well-known methods to reduce water losses is pressure management. However, when the operating pressure in a water distribution network reduces, the time the water stays within the network (called water age) increases. Increased water age means deteriorated water quality. In this paper, water pressure in relation to water age is addressed in a water distribution network in Greece. Using simulation and optimization tools, the optimum solution is found to reduce water age and operating pressure at the same time. In addition, District Metered Areas are formed and water age is optimized.

scholarly journals Spectral Analysis of Uncertainty in Water Age

10.29007/969c ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Braun ◽  
Olivier Piller ◽  
Jochen Deuerlein ◽  
Iraj Mortazavi ◽  
Angelo Iollo
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Uncertainty Propagation ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Monte Carlo Sampling ◽  
Collocation Methods ◽  
Water Age ◽  
True Value ◽  
Definition Of

Water distribution networks are critical infrastructures that should ensure the reliable supply of high quality potable water to its users. Numerical models of these networks are generally governed by many parameters for which the true value is unknown. This may be due to a lack of knowledge like for consumer demand or due to a lack of accessibility as for the pipe roughness. For network managers, the effect of these uncertainties on the network state is important information that supports them in the decision-making process. This effect is generally evaluated by propagating the uncertainties using the mathematical model. In the past, perturbation and stochastic collocation methods have been used for uncertainty propagation. However, these methods are limited either in the accuracy of the results or the complexity of the calculation. This paper uses an alternative spectral approach with the polynomial chaos expansion that has the potential to give comparable results to the Monte Carlo sampling through the definition of a stochastic model. This approach is applied to the model of a water distribution network in order to evaluate the influence of uncertain demands on the water age.

A study on appropriate investment of pipeline rehabilitation for water distribution network

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
A. Asakura ◽  
A. Koizumi ◽  
O. Odanagi ◽  
H. Watanabe ◽  
T. Inakazu
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo Simulation ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Optimal Basis ◽  
Model Case

In Japan most of the water distribution networks were constructed during the 1960s to 1970s. Since these pipelines were used for a long period, pipeline rehabilitation is necessary to maintain water supply. Although investment for pipeline rehabilitation has to be planned in terms of cost-effectiveness, no standard method has been established because pipelines were replaced on emergency and ad hoc basis in the past. In this paper, a method to determine the maintenance of the water supply on an optimal basis with a fixed budget for a water distribution network is proposed. Firstly, a method to quantify the benefits of pipeline rehabilitation is examined. Secondly, two models using Integer Programming and Monte Carlo simulation to maximize the benefits of pipeline rehabilitation with limited budget were considered, and they are applied to a model case and a case study. Based on these studies, it is concluded that the Monte Carlo simulation model to calculate the appropriate investment for the pipeline rehabilitation planning is both convenient and practical.

scholarly journals Assessing the Impact of DMAs and the Use of Boosters on Chlorination in a Water Distribution Network in Greece

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 2141
Author(s):  
Stavroula Tsitsifli ◽  
Vasilis Kanakoudis
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Pressure Management ◽  
Water Age ◽  
Chlorination Process ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
The Impact

Disinfection is one of the most important water treatment processes as it inactivates pathogens providing safe drinking water to the consumers. A fresh-water distribution network is a complex system where constant monitoring of several parameters and related managerial decisions take place in order for the network to operate in the most efficient way. However, there are cases where some of the decisions made to improve the network’s performance level, such as reduction of water losses, may have negative impacts on other significant operational processes such as the disinfection. In particular, the division of a water distribution network into district metered areas (DMAs) and the application of various pressure management measures may impact the effectiveness of the water chlorination process. Two operational measures are assessed in this paper: (a) the use of inline chlorination boosters to achieve more efficient chlorination; and (b) how the DMAs formation impacts the chlorination process. To achieve this, the water distribution network of a Greek town is chosen as a case study where several scenarios are being thoroughly analyzed. The assessment process utilizes the network’s hydraulic simulation model, which is set up in Watergems V8i software, forming the baseline to develop the network’s water quality model. The results proved that inline chlorination boosters ensure a more efficient disinfection, especially at the most remote parts/nodes of the network, compared to conventional chlorination processes (e.g., at the water tanks), achieving 100% safe water volume and consuming almost 50% less chlorine mass. DMAs’ formation results in increased water age values up to 8.27%, especially at the remote parts/nodes of the network and require more time to achieve the necessary minimum effective chlorine concentration of 0.2 mg/L. However, DMAs formation and pressure management measures do not threaten the chlorination’s efficiency. It is important to include water age and residual chlorine as criteria when optimizing water pressure and the division of DMAs.

Study on the impacts of peaking factors on a water distribution system in Germany

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Diao ◽  
M. Barjenbruch ◽  
U. Bracklow
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Water Age ◽  
Specific System ◽  
Average Water

This paper aims to explore the impacts of peaking factors on a water distribution system designed for a small city in Germany through model-based analysis. As a case study, the water distribution network was modelled by EPANET and then two specific studies were carried out. The first study tested corresponding system-wide influences on water age and energy consumption if the peaking factors used at design stage are inconsistent with ones in real situation. The second study inspected the possible relationship between the choice of peaking factors and budgets by comparing several different pipe configurations of the distribution system, obtained according to variety of peaking factors. Given the analysis results, the first study reveals that average water age will increase if peaking factors estimated at design stage are larger than real values in that specific system, and vice versa. In contrast, energy consumption will increase if peaking factors defined for system design are smaller than ones in real case, and vice versa. According to the second study, it might be possible to amplify peaking factors for design dramatically by a slight increase in the investment on this system. However, further study on budget estimation with more factors and detailed information considered should be carried out.

Improving water age estimation in a drinking water distribution network by field study and digital modeling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Kristian Rakstang ◽  
Michael B. Waak ◽  
Marius M. Rokstad ◽  
Cynthia Hallé
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Network Model ◽  
Age Estimation ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Water Age ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution

<p>Municipal drinking water distribution networks are complex and dynamic systems often spanning many hundreds of kilometers and serving thousands of consumers. Degradation of water quality within a distribution network can be associated to water age (i.e., time elapsed after treatment). Norwegian distribution networks often consist of an intricate combination of pressure zones, in which the transport path(s) between source and consumer is not easily ascertained. Water age is therefore poorly understood in many Norwegian distribution networks. In this study, simulations obtained from a water network model were used to estimate water age in a Norwegian municipal distribution network. A full-scale tracer study using sodium chloride salt was conducted to assess simulation accuracy. Water conductivity provided empirical estimates of salt arrival time at five monitoring stations. These estimates were consistently higher than simulated peak arrival times. Nevertheless, empirical and simulated water age correlated well, indicating that additional network model calibration will improve accuracy. Subsequently, simulated mean water age also correlated strongly with heterotrophic plate count (HPC) monitoring data from the distribution network (Pearson’s R= 0.78, P= 0.00046), indicating biomass accumulation during distribution—perhaps due to bacterial growth or biofilm interactions—and illustrating the importance of water age for water quality. This study demonstrates that Norwegian network models can be calibrated with simple and cost-effective salt tracer studies to improve water age estimates. Improved water age estimation will increase our understanding of water quality dynamics in distribution networks. This can, through digital tools, be used to monitor and control water age, and its impact on biogrowth in the network.</p>

scholarly journals Optimal placement of valves in a water distribution network with CLP(FD)

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 731-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
MASSIMILIANO CATTAFI ◽  
MARCO GAVANELLI ◽  
MADDALENA NONATO ◽  
STEFANO ALVISI ◽  
MARCO FRANCHINI
Keyword(s):  
Logic Programming ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Constraint Logic Programming ◽  
Optimal Placement ◽  
Isolation System

AbstractThis paper presents a new application of logic programming to a real-life problem in hydraulic engineering. The work is developed as a collaboration of computer scientists and hydraulic engineers, and applies Constraint Logic Programming to solve a hard combinatorial problem. This application deals with one aspect of the design of a water distribution network, i.e., the valve isolation system design. We take the formulation of the problem by Giustolisi and Savić (2008 Optimal design of isolation valve system for water distribution networks. InProceedings of the 10th Annual Water Distribution Systems Analysis Conference WDSA2008, J. Van Zyl, A. Ilemobade, and H. Jacobs, Eds.) and show how, thanks to constraint propagation, we can get better solutions than the best solution known in the literature for the Apulian distribution network. We believe that the area of the so-calledhydroinformaticscan benefit from the techniques developed in Constraint Logic Programming and possibly from other areas of logic programming, such as Answer Set Programming.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KUALITAS AIR UNTUK KONSENTRASI FLUORIDE PADA SISTEM JARINGAN DISTRIBUSI AIR MINUM DENGAN FLUORIDASI

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arif Susanto ◽  
Purwanto Purwanto ◽  
Agus Hadiyarto
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Water Age ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution

Abstract:. The requirement of consumed drinking water so that it does not create disturbance to public health is that it needs a quality monitoring. Water fluoridation in Tembagapura City aims to reach its concentration level toward certain safe level, and it can provide maximum benefits for dental health. Analysis and simulation methods using EPAnet software. The results of hydrolic simulation and water quality for fluoride concentration of each node and link in the drinking water distribution network system have changed in every time change following the drinking water distribution segment. From hydraulic simulations, especially for head and flow at separate points, it consists of simultaneous solution in flow equivalence for every junction and headloss relationship in every link of network as a result of hydraulic balancing. New segment will be made at the end of each link that receives inflow from a node if the quality of the new node is different from the link in the last segment. Every pipe in network contains singular segment where the water quality is in line with the preliminary quality stated in the preliminary node. With the availability of hydraulic model and water quality for fluoride concentration, a further research can be conducted for chlorine decay, growth of by product i.e. Trihalomethans (THMs) as well as water age simultaneously in drinking water supply systems in Tembagapura City.  Keyword: EPAnet, distribution network, fluoride concentration. Abstrak: Persyaratan kualitas air minum yang dikonsumsi masyarakat agar tidak menimbulkan gangguan kesehatan, maka penyelenggara air minum perlu melakukan pemantauan kualitasnya. Fluoridasi air di Kota Tembagapura ditujukan untuk mencapai tingkat konsentrasi fluoride pada level tertentu yang aman dan dapat memberikan manfaat maksimal bagi kesehatan gigi. Metode analisis dan simulasi menggunakan perangkat lunak EPAnet. Hasil simulasi hidrolis dan kualitas air untuk konsentrasi fluoride pada setiap node dan link pada sistem jaringan distribusi air minum berubah pada setiap perubahan waktu mengikuti segmen distribusi air minum tersebut. Dari simulasi hidrolis, khusus untuk head dan aliran pada titik yang terpisah meliputi penyelesaian secara simultan dalam persamaan aliran untuk tiap sambungan (junction), dan hubungan headloss pada setiap link pada jaringan sebagai akibat dari hydrolic balancing. Segmen baru terbentuk pada akhir dari setiap link yang menerima inflow dari sebuah node, jika kualitas node baru berbeda dari link pada segmen terakhir. Setiap pipa dalam jaringan mengandung segmen tunggal, di mana kualitas air sebanding dengan kualitas awal yang ditetapkan di node awal. Dengan tersedianya model hidrolis dan kualitas air untuk konsentrasi fluoride, maka dapat dilakukan penelitian lanjutan untuk peluruhan klorin, pertumbuhan by product yaitu trihalomethans (THMs) serta usia air secara simultan pada sistem penyediaan air minum di Kota Tembagapura.Kata Kunci: EPAnet, jaringan distribusi, konsentrasi fluoride.

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