scholarly journals Alternative Visual Units for an Optimized Phoneme-Based Lipreading System

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
pp. 3870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen L. Bear ◽  
Richard Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Word Recognition ◽  
Fixed Number ◽  
Training Scheme ◽  
First Pass ◽  
Structured Approach ◽  
Intermediate Units

Lipreading is understanding speech from observed lip movements. An observed series of lip motions is an ordered sequence of visual lip gestures. These gestures are commonly known, but as yet are not formally defined, as `visemes’. In this article, we describe a structured approach which allows us to create speaker-dependent visemes with a fixed number of visemes within each set. We create sets of visemes for sizes two to 45. Each set of visemes is based upon clustering phonemes, thus each set has a unique phoneme-to-viseme mapping. We first present an experiment using these maps and the Resource Management Audio-Visual (RMAV) dataset which shows the effect of changing the viseme map size in speaker-dependent machine lipreading and demonstrate that word recognition with phoneme classifiers is possible. Furthermore, we show that there are intermediate units between visemes and phonemes which are better still. Second, we present a novel two-pass training scheme for phoneme classifiers. This approach uses our new intermediary visual units from our first experiment in the first pass as classifiers; before using the phoneme-to-viseme maps, we retrain these into phoneme classifiers. This method significantly improves on previous lipreading results with RMAV speakers.

Principles of Refrigerant Circuiting in Single Row Microchannel Evaporators

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil Mehendale
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Cooling Capacity ◽  
Fixed Number ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
First Pass ◽  
Louvered Fin

Microchannel evaporators are being increasingly considered for application in residential and commercial cooling and heat pump applications. This work analyzes the principles of refrigerant circuiting design in refrigerant-to-air heat exchangers using an element-by-element model developed for a microchannel evaporator. Geometric parameters such as microchannel tube depth, tube height, and port size, louvered fin density, louver angle, louver height, louver pitch, and fin height, as well as the air side face velocity, the refrigerant pressure-drop and heat transfer as a function of refrigerant mass flux are considered in the analysis. The model was first validated using data available in the open literature, thus providing a high level of confidence in the predictive ability of the model. Starting with a given microchannel tube and louvered fin geometry and a fixed number of tubes (and fins), the thermal performance of the heat exchanger was simulated over a wide range of two pass circuit configurations and tube lengths. It was found that the heat transfer versus pressure-drop trade-off provides an optimum relationship between the fraction of tubes in the first pass and the heat exchanger length. The sensitivity of the evaporator cooling capacity to the percentage of tubes in the first pass was also explored.

scholarly journals EFFICIENT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ON CONTAINER AS A SERVICE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul ChanHyung Park
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Service Level Agreement ◽  
Service Level ◽  
Fixed Number ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Management Capability ◽  
Management Scheme ◽  
Generic Management ◽  
Efficient Resource ◽  
Dynamic Resource

Docker has been widely adopted as a platform solution for microservice. As the popularity of microservice increases, the importance of fine-tuning the efficiency of resource management in the Docker platform also increases. While Docker’s out-of-box resource management solution provides some generic management capability, more work is required to improve resource utilization and enforce Service Level Agreement (SLA) for critical services. In this research, an efficient Docker resource management scheme, called Adaptive SLA Enforcement, is designed and implemented. For the sake of comparison, we also study and implement three simpler schemes: 1) Fixed Number of Containers, 2) Dynamic Resource Management without SLA Enforcement, 3) Strict SLA Enforcement. We found that the Adaptive SLA Enforcement scheme can deliver efficient resource management with SLA enforcement, thus successfully addressing the deficiencies of the other three schemes.

scholarly journals EFFICIENT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ON CONTAINER AS A SERVICE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul ChanHyung Park
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Service Level Agreement ◽  
Service Level ◽  
Fixed Number ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Management Capability ◽  
Management Scheme ◽  
Generic Management ◽  
Efficient Resource ◽  
Dynamic Resource

Docker has been widely adopted as a platform solution for microservice. As the popularity of microservice increases, the importance of fine-tuning the efficiency of resource management in the Docker platform also increases. While Docker’s out-of-box resource management solution provides some generic management capability, more work is required to improve resource utilization and enforce Service Level Agreement (SLA) for critical services. In this research, an efficient Docker resource management scheme, called Adaptive SLA Enforcement, is designed and implemented. For the sake of comparison, we also study and implement three simpler schemes: 1) Fixed Number of Containers, 2) Dynamic Resource Management without SLA Enforcement, 3) Strict SLA Enforcement. We found that the Adaptive SLA Enforcement scheme can deliver efficient resource management with SLA enforcement, thus successfully addressing the deficiencies of the other three schemes.

EXPRESS: Does omitting the accent mark in a word affect sentence reading? Evidence from Spanish

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110446
Author(s):  
Ana Marcet ◽  
Manuel Perea
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Lexical Stress ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
Spanish Word ◽  
First Pass ◽  
Total Reading Time

Lexical stress in multisyllabic words is consistent in some languages (e.g., first syllable in Finnish), but it is variable in others (e.g., Spanish, English). To help lexical processing in a transparent language like Spanish, scholars have proposed a set of rules specifying which words require an accent mark indicating lexical stress in writing. However, recent word recognition using that lexical decision showed that word identification times were not affected by the omission of a word's accent mark in Spanish. To examine this question in a paradigm with greater ecological validity, we tested whether omitting the accent mark in a Spanish word had a deleterious effect during silent sentence reading. A target word was embedded in a sentence with its accent mark or not. Results showed no reading cost of omitting the word's accent mark in first-pass eye fixation durations, but we found a cost in the total reading time spent on the target word (i.e., including re-reading). Thus, the omission of an accent mark delays late, but not early, lexical processing in Spanish. These findings help constrain the locus of accent mark information in models of visual word recognition and reading. Furthermore, these findings offer some clues on how to simplify the Spanish rules of accentuation.

Embedding Procedure for Water Swollen Samples

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 504-505
Author(s):  
Ann M. Thomas ◽  
Virginia Shemeley
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Ion Exchange Resins ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
First Pass ◽  
Exchange Resins

Those samples which swell rapidly when exposed to water are, at best, difficult to section for transmission electron microscopy. Some materials literally burst out of the embedding block with the first pass by the knife, and even the most rapid cutting cycle produces sections of limited value. Many ion exchange resins swell in water; some undergo irreversible structural changes when dried. We developed our embedding procedure to handle this type of sample, but it should be applicable to many materials that present similar sectioning difficulties.The purpose of our embedding procedure is to build up a cross-linking network throughout the sample, while it is in a water swollen state. Our procedure was suggested to us by the work of Rosenberg, where he mentioned the formation of a tridimensional structure by the polymerization of the GMA biproduct, triglycol dimethacrylate.

Effects of Phonological Decoding Training on Children's Word Recognition of CVC, CV, and VC Structures

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenyatta O. Rivers ◽  
Linda J. Lombardino ◽  
Cynthia K. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Group Training ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Multiple Baseline Design ◽  
Baseline Design ◽  
Phonological Decoding ◽  
The Third ◽  
Letter Sound

The effects of training in letter-sound correspondences and phonemic decoding (segmenting and blending skills) on three kindergartners' word recognition abilities were examined using a single-subject multiple-baseline design across behaviors and subjects. Whereas CVC pseudowords were trained, generalization to untrained CVC pseudowords, untrained CVC real words, untrained CV and VC pseudowords, and untrained CV and VC real words were assessed. Generalization occurred to all of the untrained constructions for two of the three subjects. The third subject did not show the same degree of generalization to VC pseudowords and real words; however, after three training sessions, this subject read all VC constructions with 100% accuracy. Findings are consistent with group training studies that have shown the benefits of decoding training on word recognition and spelling skills and with studies that have demonstrated the effects of generalization to less complex structures when more complex structures are trained.

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