scholarly journals Evaluation of Biochar Nitrate Extraction Methods

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (17) ◽  
pp. 3514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna Walsh ◽  
Joseph Sanford ◽  
Rebecca Larson
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Method ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Multiple Methods ◽  
Soil Extraction ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Biochar Amendment

Biochar amendment to soil is a method used to mitigate losses of nitrogen leaching through agricultural soils. Multiple methods for extraction of nitrogen have been used, and recent studies have indicated that traditional soil extraction methods underestimate biochar nitrate. This study evaluated the nitrate extraction efficiency of a KCl extraction method under different temperature (20 and 50 °C) and duration (24 and 96 h) conditions. Increasing the duration of extraction from 24 to 96 h did not have a significant impact on extraction efficiency. However, increasing temperature resulted in nitrate extraction efficiencies above 90%. Rinsing the biochar once with deionized (DI) water following filtration after extraction increased the extraction efficiency significantly, but any subsequent rinses were not significant. This study recommends extracting nitrate from biochar using 2 M KCl at 50 °C for a period of 24 h with one additional rinse to increase nitrate recovery above 90%. However, future studies should evaluate this procedure for different types of biochar produced from alternative biomasses and at varying temperatures.

scholarly journals Application of Extraction and Determination Based on Deep Eutectic Solvents in Different Types of Environmental Samples

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Yonghua Wang ◽  
Na Li ◽  
Shengnan Jiang ◽  
Xi Chen
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
Controllable Synthesis ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Target Analytes ◽  
Different Types

Water sources are an indispensable resource for human survival. Monitoring the pollution status of the surrounding environment is necessary to protect water sources. Research on the environmental matrix of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) has expanded rapidly because of their high extraction efficiency for various target analytes, controllable synthesis, and versatile structure. Following the synthesis of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDESs), their application in aqueous matrices broadened greatly. The present review conducted a survey on the pollutant extraction methods based DESs in environmental matrices from two aspects, application methods and matrix types; discussed the potential risk of DESs to the environment and future development trends; and provided some references for researchers to choose DES-based extraction methods for environmental research.

Methods for nematode extraction.

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-41
Author(s):  
Nicole Viaene ◽  
Johannes Hallmann ◽  
Leendert P. G. Molendijk
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Maximum Sample Size ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Extraction Equipment ◽  
Method Factors

Abstract Nematodes can be present in different matrices. This chapter describes several methods to extract nematodes from soil and plant parts. It is crucial that an appropriate method is chosen for the purpose of the research as different types of nematodes, and even different nematode stages, are extracted depending on the method. Factors to consider for choosing the optimal extraction method are the extraction efficiency of the method, the maximum sample size that can be analysed and costs of the extraction equipment. In addition, water consumption, labour and the time needed before nematodes can be examined can be important factors.

scholarly journals Effect of DNA Extraction Method on the Apparent Microbial Diversity of Soil

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (10) ◽  
pp. 3378-3382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Özgül İnceoǧlu ◽  
Eelco F. Hoogwout ◽  
Patrick Hill ◽  
Jan Dirk van Elsas
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Method ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Soil Dna ◽  
Dna Extraction Method ◽  
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Microbial Groups

ABSTRACT Four extraction methods, including a novel one, were compared for their efficiencies in producing DNA from three contrasting agricultural soils. Molecular analyses (PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis [DGGE] and clone libraries) focusing on different microbial groups were used as assessment criteria. Per soil, the DNA yields differed between extraction methods. Clear effects of method on apparent richness and community structure were found. Actinobacterial diversity based on soil DNA produced by two divergent methods revealed that a hitherto-undescribed group was obtained by the novel method.

Characterisation of sewage sludge metals for classification purposes using the potentially leachable metal fraction

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.G. Snyman
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
South African ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Aqua Regia ◽  
Class D ◽  
Stable Class ◽  
Extractable Fraction ◽  
The Impact

The South African sludge guidelines were revised in 1997 with considerable amendments to the heavy metal loading and usage restrictions. The industry continued using the aqua regia extraction method to characterise and classify sewage sludge. This meant that a Class D sludge (most stable class and sellable product) could not be generated at any South African plant. This caused the industry to seek alternative non-beneficial disposal methods. It was then realised that the metal limits were in fact the TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) extractable limit. This method was developed to determine the potential of a waste to contaminate ground and/or surface water. The agriculturists, however, use the NH4EDTA extractable fraction to establish metal concentration in soils. This paper specifically aims to establish the feasibility of using the available metals extraction methods such as NH4EDTA and TCLP to determine the fate and therefore the risk of sludge-borne metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu). The results show that the TCLP extraction method could potentially underestimate the impact of sewage sludge-borne metals when amended to agricultural soils. The extraction efficiency of the NH4EDTA and TCLP methods relative to the aqua regia extraction method was presented for Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu. The NH4EDTA extraction method seems to be an alternative to the aqua regia method, especially since the NH4EDTA measures the fraction of the metal that may become available in the environment. It is recommended that the aqua regia and NH4EDTA be used to classify and characterise the metal content of South African sludges.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Extraction Methods for Clinical Metagenomic Assay

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1128
Author(s):  
Suha A. Farraj ◽  
Shreif A. El-Kafrawy ◽  
Taha A. Kumosani ◽  
Jehad M. Yousef ◽  
Esam I. Azhar
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Nucleic Acid Isolation ◽  
Efficient Detection ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Etiological Agents

(1) Background: Clinical metagenomics is a promising approach that helps to identify etiological agents in cases of unknown infections. For the efficient detection of an unknown pathogen, the extraction method must be carefully selected for the maximum recovery of nucleic acid from different microorganisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate different extraction methods that have the ability to isolate nucleic acids from different types of pathogens with good quality and quantity for efficient use in clinical metagenomic identification. (2) Methods: A mock sample spiked with five different pathogens was used for the comparative evaluation of different commercial extraction kits. Extracted samples were subjected to library preparation and run on MiSeq. The selected extraction method based on the outcome of the comparative evaluation was used subsequently for the nucleic acid isolation of all infectious agents in clinical respiratory samples with multiple infections. (3) Results: The protocol using the PowerViral® Environmental RNA-DNA Isolation Kit with a 5-min bead beating step achieved the best results with a low starting volume. The analysis of the tested clinical specimens showed the ability to successfully identify different types of pathogens. (4) Conclusions: The optimized extraction protocol in this study is recommended for clinical metagenomics application in specimens with multiple infections from different taxa.

Methods for nematode extraction.

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-41
Author(s):  
Nicole Viaene ◽  
Johannes Hallmann ◽  
Leendert P. G. Molendijk
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Maximum Sample Size ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Extraction Equipment ◽  
Method Factors

Abstract Nematodes can be present in different matrices. This chapter describes several methods to extract nematodes from soil and plant parts. It is crucial that an appropriate method is chosen for the purpose of the research as different types of nematodes, and even different nematode stages, are extracted depending on the method. Factors to consider for choosing the optimal extraction method are the extraction efficiency of the method, the maximum sample size that can be analysed and costs of the extraction equipment. In addition, water consumption, labour and the time needed before nematodes can be examined can be important factors.

A Review of Different Techniques of Age Estimation from Human Face

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Khemchandra Patel ◽  
Dr. Kamlesh Namdev
Keyword(s):  
Age Estimation ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Human Face ◽  
Age Changes ◽  
Missing Children ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Age Variation ◽  
Human Faces ◽  
Facial Age

Age changes cause major variations in the appearance of human faces. Due to many lifestyle factors, it is difficult to precisely predict how individuals may look with advancing years or how they looked with "retreating" years. This paper is a review of age variation methods and techniques, which is useful to capture wanted fugitives, finding missing children, updating employee databases, enhance powerful visual effect in film, television, gaming field. Currently there are many different methods available for age variation. Each has their own advantages and purpose. Because of its real life applications, researchers have shown great interest in automatic facial age estimation. In this paper, different age variation methods with their prospects are reviewed. This paper highlights latest methodologies and feature extraction methods used by researchers to estimate age. Different types of classifiers used in this domain have also been discussed.

Quantitative GC-FID and UHPLC-DAD Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds Extracted from Ginkgo biloba

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 893-904
Author(s):  
Alessandra von Ahn ◽  
João Henrique Z. dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Ginkgo Biloba Extract ◽  
Previous Method ◽  
Array Detector ◽  
Ginkgolide B ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Ginkgolide A ◽  
Terpene Trilactones

Background: The official compendium of the quantification of ginkgo flavonoids from Ginkgo biloba extract has been proposed using HPLC. The drawbacks of this technique appear to be due to the restricted efficiency in terms of the recovery results and suitability of the system for the quantification of these compounds. This study investigated the potential advantages and limitations of the development of efficient extraction methods for the recovery of flavonol glycosides (quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin) and terpene trilactones (bilobalide, ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B and ginkgolide C) using extraction, quantification and detection techniques, namely, GC-FID and UHPLC-DAD, which are alternatives to those techniques available in the literature. Methods: Two different extraction methodologies have been developed for the determination of flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin) and terpene trilactones (bilobalide, ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B and ginkgolide C) using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector and gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector. Results: In this study, the Ginkgo biloba extract mass, hydrolysis preparation method (with or without reflux), and volume of the extraction solution seemed to affect the ginkgo flavonoid recovery. The UHPLC-based method exhibited higher extraction efficiency for ginkgo flavonoid quantification compared to the pharmacopoeial method. The developed method exhibited higher extraction efficiency for terpene quantification compared to the previous method that used extractive solution without pH adjustment, with less time of extraction and less amount of the sample and organic solvent aliquots. Conclusion: The UHPLC and GC analysis methods established in this study are both effective and efficient. These methods may improve the quality control procedures for ginkgo extract and commercial products available in today´s natural health product market. The results indicate that redeveloped extraction methods can be a viable alternative to traditional extraction methods.

Comparison of extraction efficiency of various methods to extract L-DOPA from Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (04) ◽  
pp. 5343
Author(s):  
Ragni Vora ◽  
Ambika N. Joshi* ◽  
Nitesh C. Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Mucuna Pruriens ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Uv Detector ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Hplc Mobile Phase ◽  
Plant Sources ◽  
Seed Extracts

Mucuna pruriens seeds are noted to be a natural source of L-DOPA and are also used as a substitute for the synthetic L-DOPA. In the present study; attempts are made to develop suitable method(s) for extraction of L-DOPA from the powdered seeds of Mucuna pruriens using different solvents and conditions. The Seed powder was subjected to 7 different extraction methods and Method 1 was subjected to various solvent concentrations. Some methods used de-fatting procedure, either the method was cold maceration or in high temperature. Soxhlet extraction was also used in one of the extraction methods. All the extracts were analyzed using RP-HPLC. Mobile Phase used was Water: Methanol: AcetoNitrile (100:60:40) (v/v) containing 0.2% Triethylamine, pH = 3.3 and monitored at 280 nm with variable wavelength UV detector. The extraction was best with Methanol Water mixture in a cold maceration technique and overall gives good extraction efficiency of 13.36 % L-DOPA and id the best method giving highest extraction efficiency. The De-fatting method was the 2nd best methods giving approximately 8.8% L-DOPA and Method 5 viz, heat reflux method gives 8.7% L-DOPA making it the 3rd best method. There are not many studies done for optimization of extraction technique for L-DOPA despite an extensive work is reported for isolation, identification and pharmacological activities of L-DOPA from various plant sources. Keeping this in view, present investigation was done to study the extraction efficiency of various extraction methods of L-DOPA content in seed extracts of Mucuna pruriens and compare it.

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