scholarly journals Charging Schedule for Load Peak Minimization on Large-Scale Electric Bus Depots

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amra Jahic ◽  
Mina Eskander ◽  
Detlef Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Load Profile ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Scheduling System ◽  
Electric Bus ◽  
Local Grid ◽  
Load Peak ◽  
The City

The city of Hamburg has decided to electrify its bus fleets. The two public transportation companies in this city expect to operate up to 1500 buses by 2030. In order to accomplish this ambitious goal, both companies need to build an appropriate charging infrastructure. They have both decided to implement the centralized depot charging concept. Buses can therefore charge only at the depot and do not have the possibility for opportunity charging at intermediate stations. The load profile of such a bus depot is highly dependent on the charging schedule of buses. Without an intelligent scheduling system, the buses charge on demand as soon as they arrive to the depot. This can lead to an unevenly distributed load profile with high load peaks, which is problematic for the local grid as well as for the equipment dimensioning at the depot. Charging scheduling on large-scale bus depots is a relatively new and poorly researched topic. This paper addresses the issue and proposes two algorithms for charging scheduling on large-scale bus depots with the goal to minimize the peak load. The schedules created with the proposed algorithms were both tested and validated in the Bus Depot Simulator, a cosimulation platform used for bus depot simulations.

scholarly journals Design and Validation of Ultra-Fast Charging Infrastructures Based on Supercapacitors for Urban Public Transportation Applications

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Ortenzi ◽  
Manlio Pasquali ◽  
Pier Paolo Prosini ◽  
Alessandro Lidozzi ◽  
Marco Di Benedetto
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Electrical Grid ◽  
Charging System ◽  
Electric Bus ◽  
Fast Charging ◽  
Charging Current

The last few decades have seen a significant increase in the number of electric vehicles (EVs) for private and public transportation around the world. This has resulted in high power demands on the electrical grid, especially when fast and ultra-fast or flash (at the bus-stop) charging are required. Consequently, a ground storage should be used in order to mitigate the peak power request period. This paper deals with an innovative and simple fast charging infrastructure based on supercapacitors, used to charge the energy storage system on board electric buses. According to the charging level of the electric bus, the proposed fast charging system is able to provide the maximum power of 180 kW without exceeding 30 s and without using DC–DC converters. In order to limit the maximum charging current, the electric bus is charged in three steps through three different connectors placed between the supercapacitors on board the bus and the fast charging system. The fast charging system has been carefully designed, taking into account several system parameters, such as charging time, maximum current, and voltage. Experimental tests have been performed on a fast charging station prototype to validate the theoretical analysis and functionality of the proposed architecture.

scholarly journals The Underlying Reasons behind the Development of Public Electric Buses in China: The Beijing Case

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 688
Author(s):  
Zeyuan Song ◽  
Yingqi Liu ◽  
Hongwei Gao ◽  
Suxiu Li
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Dynamic Game ◽  
Theory Model ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Charging Station ◽  
Electric Bus ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Dynamic Game Model ◽  
Strategic Space

After great efforts towards the development of the electric vehicle (EV) industry and the use of its products in public transportation networks, more electric buses operate in China than in any other country in the world. As more investors will enter the industry, the effect of new participants on the development of the EV industry becomes an important issue. Based on the analysis of several key stakeholders (central and local governments, electric bus producers, users/bus companies, and providers of charging infrastructure in public transportation, this paper constructs a dynamic game-theory model to determine the main participants and their strategic space payoff functions, and ultimately estimates a Nash equilibrium. The dynamic game-model analysis clearly shows that the government’s decision to provide subsidies or not is currently affecting the entire industry and is an important prerequisite for a dynamic game. The user decides the pace of the development of this industry and the user’s management efficiency is a key factor affecting users’ needs. In addition, the availability of EVs and charging station facilities are equally important to the development of the industry.

scholarly journals Spatial Features Transformation of Emission from Motor Vehicles in Moscow

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 57-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktoria R. Bityukova ◽  
Nikita A. Mozgunov
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Main Trend ◽  
Absolute Maximum ◽  
Pollution Transport ◽  
Car Park ◽  
The City

The article examines changing volumes of emission from vehicles by administrative and municipal districts of Moscow. In Moscow automobile transport is the general source of pollution, it produces more than 93% of allover, and this is the absolute maximum of impact for Russian cities and regions. In 2011-2017, it was the first time when the growth of motorization was noticed against background of reduce of pollution due to modernization of car park and new quality of petrol. Total gross emission from vehicles decreased four times. Shifts in the factors defining spatial specifics of distribution of pollution from vehicles are revealed. Assessments of air pollution based on information of all Moscow streets provides estimations for 93 thousand low-level city areas. One of the research result revealed a high correlation between changes of pollution density and changes in transport infrastructure including developing of public transportation, modernization of car park structure. Spatial uniformity of pollution from vehicles has become the main trend of recent years. Programs of the new housing construction and large-scale projects aimed at the transformation of the districts increase the transport connectivity of the city. Administrative decisions on the traffic intensity reduction in the central districts decrease territorial differentiation of pollution. Transport and planning structure at the level of the city, the district, and the area is the defining characteristic. An attempt to solve the transport problem through the transformation of the street road network complicates the application of innovative techniques for combatting air pollution in Moscow.

Research on Coordinated Charging Strategy for Electric Bus Battery Swapping Stations

2014 ◽  
Vol 1070-1072 ◽  
pp. 1632-1636
Author(s):  
Su Su ◽  
Xiao Chao Jiang ◽  
Jiu Chun Jiang ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Mei Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beijing Olympic Games ◽  
Load Model ◽  
Operation Analysis ◽  
Electric Bus ◽  
New Type ◽  
Load Peak ◽  
Actual Configuration ◽  
Coordinated Charging ◽  
The City ◽  
Charging Strategy

As a new type of transport, electric vehicles are becoming an important way to implement the energy and sustainable development of the city. Aiming at the Battery Swapping Stations (BSS) for electric buses, a strategy for coordinated charging is proposed to reduce the charging cost and decrease the load peak-valley difference of Distribution Network (DN). The load model of BSS is built based on the operation analysis of BSS and the charging data of batteries. The optimization of charging behavior imposed by the coordinated charging strategy is also presented. Finally, studies are carried out considering the Beitucheng BSS (for Beijing Olympic Games); analyses are also presented considering different number of batteries to take into account the actual configuration. Simulations show that the coordinated charging, vis-à-vis uncontrolled charging provides satisfactory results, not only reducing the charging cost but also decreasing the load peak-valley difference of DN.

Accessibility, Affordability, and Addressing Informal Services in Bus Reform: Lessons from Bogotá, Colombia

2017 ◽  
Vol 2634 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Rodriguez ◽  
Tatiana Peralta-Quirós ◽  
Luis A. Guzman ◽  
Sebastian A. Cárdenas Reyes
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
Public Transport System ◽  
Bus Services ◽  
Public Transportation Systems ◽  
The City

Many cities in the developing world are reforming transit by formalizing bus services to capture user and nonuser benefits. A forerunner in transit reform, the city of Bogotá, Colombia, first implemented the TransMilenio bus rapid transit (BRT) system and then more recently undertook a large-scale initiative to formalize and regulate traditional urban buses in the city. This integrated public transport system [Sistema Integrado de Transporte Público (SITP)] is transforming Bogotá’s traditional urban bus system into a regulated, concessionary system with restructured bus routes that integrates operations, fares, and infrastructure with the TransMilenio BRT. An investigation was conducted to determine whether the SITP has increased affordability and employment accessibility for public transit users in Bogotá. Results revealed that most accessibility improvements resulted from the recent expansion (and significantly higher speeds) of TransMilenio rather than the SITP. Results of an analysis conducted with budget constraints to determine affordable accessibility indicated that employment accessibility was reduced overall; however, the new integrated fare increased accessibility over traditional buses, especially on the periphery and in southern areas of the city, as a result of reduced transfer costs. Overall, results partly explain the lack of enthusiasm for the bus reform process on the part of public transit users and the political discomfort that becomes apparent when embarking on this process in developing-world cities. Also, more incremental, flexible reform might be crafted for public transportation systems that are dominated by informal services.

scholarly journals TESTING THE NEW URBANISM PRINCIPLE OF SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT IN THE CONTEMPORARY REDEVELOPMENT PROJECTS.LESSONS FROM CLICHY-BATIGNOLLES IN PARIS AND THE STATION AREA IN LODZ

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Maria CYSEK-PAWLAK
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Urban Policy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Urbanism ◽  
Sustainable Transportation ◽  
Sustainable Transport ◽  
Urban Project ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

As accessibility becomes a basic need of modern society, the issue of sustainable transportation continues to gain importance. On the large scale, it concerns interconnecting cities and metropolises, and, on a smaller scale, it refers to connection networks for pedestrians, cyclists and other means of public transport. The study aims to assess the importance of sustainable transport as a principle of New Urbanism in contemporary redevelopment projects. It introduces possible ways of implementing these principles, as well as dangers coming from misunderstanding them. The approaches and methods used in this article combine field studies conducted during the research trips, desk research and interviews with professionals at various stages of two urban renewal projects –Clichy Batignolles (France) and the main train station area in Lodz (Poland). The study revealed the strategic role of rail line redevelopment projects in both rebuilding the continuity of the urban fabric (Clichy Batignolles) and in creating a new centrality for an area with attractive cultural activities and services (Lodz). As urban project timeframes are often long, both case studies show that high flexibility and the ability to adapt investments to changing conditions are often required. Nevertheless, the realization of the key infrastructure elements should be maintained all along. Furthermore, functional diversity can provide an important support for the sustainability of the project as it ensures the quality of urban tissue through height level representative public projects, thereby giving the area in question a new image. As exemplified by the housing policy in France, the distribution of functions can also serve as a pertinent response to the strategic needs of the entire agglomeration as well as a useful solution to local problems. One of the most crucial elements of redevelopment projects is the implementation of sustainable transportation that provides quick and comfortable connections by various means of public transport within different urban scales: metropolises, cities, districts and the city. As an element of sustainable urban policy, an effective public transportation network in the inner city should be supported by the limitation of car park ratio for non-residents within the redevelopment project. Altogether, the impact that other New Urbanism principles exert on developing urban structures is a pertinent question. Today, the real challenge for this movement has moved into the city, rather than on the outskirts, as in the past.

scholarly journals Design and Implementation of an Electric Skibus Line in North Italy

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 7925
Author(s):  
Carola Leone ◽  
Laura Sturaro ◽  
Giacomo Geroli ◽  
Michela Longo ◽  
Wahiba Yaici
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Italian Region ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
City Environment ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Electric Bus ◽  
Fuel Costs ◽  
The City

To enhance the current Public Transport (PT) service in the northern Italian region of Lombardy, this work tries to plan fully a new electric Skibus line connecting the cities of Santa Caterina and Livigno. As a first try outside the city environment, the electrification study is set on a limited mountain zone hence featured by steep grades and cold temperatures. In the first part of the paper, the energy consumed by an electric bus working in such a context is assessed, and from the learned outcomes, proper charging infrastructure is proposed. From the found results, the introduction of a new electric bus line in the chosen region seems feasible. Finally, in the last part of the work the performances of an electric bus fleet are compared with that of a diesel one, in terms of fuel costs and Well-to-Wheel (WTW) emissions. The results prove that an electric fleet would be more convenient for both the economic and the environmental aspects.

CONCEPT OF THE IMPROVEMENT OF A KEY PUBLIC SPACE (USING THE EXAMPLE OF «ALLEY OF ARCHITECTS», VORONEZH)

2020 ◽  
pp. 97-109
Author(s):  
С. Л. Подвальный ◽  
О. А. Сотникова ◽  
Я. А. Золотухина
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Ecological Condition ◽  
Territory Design ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Modern Technologies ◽  
Intensive Growth

Постановка задачи. В настоящее время формирование современной комфортной городской среды приобретает особое социально-экономическое значение и выдвигается в число приоритетных государственных масштабных программ. В связи с этим необходимо разработать концепцию благоустройства ключевого общественного пространства, а именно: определить основные и сопутствующие функции данной территории, создать эскизное предложение проекта благоустройства с учетом всех необходимых норм и стандартов, внедрить современные технологии. Результаты. Выполнен эскизный дизайн-проект «Аллеи архитекторов» по ул. Орджоникидзе г. Воронеж, включающий в себя основные элементы по зонированию территории, проектированию акцентных объектов и внедрению инновационных технологий «умного города», позволяющих повысить уровень комфорта горожан. Выводы. Благоустройство населенных мест приобретает особое значение в условиях дискомфорта среды. С выполнением комплекса мероприятий, направленных на благоустройство, и с внедрением современных технологий значительно улучшается экологическое состояние, внешний облик города. Оздоровление и модернизация среды, которая окружает человека в городе, благотворно влияет на психофизическое состояние, что особенно важно в период интенсивного роста городов. Statement of the problem. Currently the formation of the modern comfortable urban environment is gaining a special social and economic value and moving forward in the priorities of state large-scale programs. The purpose of development of the concept of improvement of public space is definition of the main and accompanying functions of this territory, design of the outline offer of the project of improvement considering all necessary norms and standards and implementation of modern technologies. Results. The conceptual project of “Alley of Architects” includes the basic elements of territory zoning, design of accent objects and implementation of technologies of a “smart-city”. These elements allow one to increase the level of comfort of inhabitants. Conclusions. Improvement of the inhabited places is of particular importance in the conditions of discomfort of the environment. Carrying out a complex of the actions directed to gardening and improvement, introducing modern technologies, the ecological condition, the physical appearance of the city considerably improves. Improvement and modernization of the environment which surrounds the person in the city influences a psychophysical state well that especially important during intensive growth of the cities.

scholarly journals Selecting Freight Transportation Modes in Last-Mile Urban Distribution in Pamplona (Spain): An Option for Drone Delivery in Smart Cities

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4748
Author(s):  
Adrian Serrano-Hernandez ◽  
Aitor Ballano ◽  
Javier Faulin
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Freight Transportation ◽  
City Center ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Freight Logistics ◽  
Transportation Modes ◽  
Last Mile ◽  
Urban Distribution ◽  
The City

Urban distribution in medium-sized cities faces a major challenge, mainly when deliveries are difficult in the city center due to: an increase of e-commerce, weak public transportation system, and the promotion of urban sustainability plans. As a result, private cars, public transportation, and freight transportation compete for the same space. This paper analyses the current state for freight logistics in the city center of Pamplona (Spain) and proposes alternative transportation routes and transportation modes in the last-mile city center distribution according to different criteria evaluated by residents. An analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was developed. A number of alternatives have been assessed considering routes and transportation modes: the shortest route criterion and avoiding some city center area policies are combined with traditional van-based, bike, and aerial (drone) distribution protocols for delivering parcels and bar/restaurant supplies. These alternatives have been evaluated within a multicriteria framework in which economic, environmental, and social objectives are considered at the same time. The point in this multicriteria framework is that the criteria/alternative AHP weights and priorities have been set according to a survey deployed in the city of Pamplona (Navarre, Spain). The survey and AHP results show the preference for the use of drone or bike distribution in city center in order to reduce social and environmental issues.

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