scholarly journals Characterization of Emission Factors Concerning Gasoline, LPG, and Diesel Vehicles via Transient Chassis-Dynamometer Tests

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gyutae Park ◽  
Sunhee Mun ◽  
Heekyoung Hong ◽  
Taekho Chung ◽  
Sungwoon Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Diesel Vehicles ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Secondary Air

Gaseous emissions from vehicles contribute substantially to air pollution and climate change. Vehicular emissions also contain secondary pollutants produced via chemical reactions that occur between the emitted gases and atmospheric air. This study aims at understanding patterns concerning emission of regulated, greenhouse, and precursor gases, which demonstrate potential for secondary aerosol (SA) formation, from vehicles incorporating different engine technologies—multi-point injection (MPI) and gasoline direct injection (GDI)—and using different fuels—gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and diesel. Drive cycles from the National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) were used in this study. Results obtained from drive cycle tests demonstrate a decline in aggregate gas emissions corresponding to an increase in average vehicle speed. CO2 accounts for more than 99% of aggregate gaseous emissions. In terms of concentration, CO and NH3 form predominantly non-CO2 emissions from gasoline and LPG vehicles, whereas nitrogen oxides (NOx) and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) dominate diesel-vehicle emissions. A higher percentage of SO2 is emitted from diesel vehicles compared to their gasoline- and LPG-powered counterparts. EURO-5- and EURO-6-compliant vehicles equipped with diesel particulate filters (DPFs) tend to emit higher amounts of NO2 compared to EURO-3-compliant vehicles, which are not equipped with DPFs. Vehicles incorporating GDI tend to emit less CO2 compared to those incorporating MPI, albeit at the expense of increased CO emissions. The authors believe that results reported in this paper concerning regulated and unregulated pollutant-emission monitoring can contribute towards an accurate evaluation of both primary and secondary air-pollution scenarios in Korea.

scholarly journals Characterizing Black Carbon Emissions from Gasoline, LPG, and Diesel Vehicles via Transient Chassis-Dynamometer Tests

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 5856
Author(s):  
Gyutae Park ◽  
Kyunghoon Kim ◽  
Taehyun Park ◽  
Seokwon Kang ◽  
Jihee Ban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Coal Combustion ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Chassis Dynamometer ◽  
Diesel Vehicles ◽  
Gasoline Vehicles

With global anthropogenic black carbon (BC) emissions increasing, automobiles are significantly contributing as the major source of emissions. However, the appropriate regulations of BC emissions from vehicles are not in place. This study examined BC emissions following fuel types (gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and diesel) and engine combustion (gasoline direct injection (GDI) and multi-port injection (MPI) for gasoline vehicles) with emission regulations. To this end, chassis dynamometer and aethalometer (AE33) were used. Driving modes created by the National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) and emission certification modes (CVS-75 and NEDC) for vehicles in Korea were used to determine BC emissions for various vehicle speeds. In addition, the contributions of biomass and coal combustion to the data of AE33 were analyzed to determine the possibility of tracking the BC sources. MPI, LPG, and EURO 6 with diesel particulate filter (DPF) vehicles emitted the lowest BC emissions in NIER modes. Among gasoline vehicles, MPI vehicles showed the lower BC content in PM emissions. Also, older vehicles in MPI vehicles emitted the high PM and BC emissions. The BC emissions of EURO 3 vehicles without DPF were the highest as the results of previous studies, and it was found that as emissions regulations were tightened, the level of BC results of diesel vehicles became similar with MPI vehicles. The average absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) from difference emissions sources were biomass combustion (oak wood) > coal combustion (the power plant stack) > automobile emissions (gasoline, LPG, diesel).

scholarly journals Assessment of the Road Traffic Air Pollution in Urban Contexts: A Statistical Approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Concettina Marino ◽  
Antonino Nucara ◽  
Maria Francesca Panzera ◽  
Matilde Pietrafesa
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
The Road ◽  
Specific Category ◽  
Yearly Average

In the article a statistical approach to the assessment of the emission rates discharged by the road traffic in a spatial context is proposed. It exploits an indicator, the Yearly Average Vehicle, representing the pollutant emission rate of the average vehicle belonging to a specific category, and considers the statistical variability of most of the involved traffic parameters: vehicle speed and mileage travelled in the considered time period. Finally, indicators, assessing both the most probable value among the possible emission rates and the extent of their variability range, are proposed. They may also be used to underpin decision making-processes, when the effects of different policies addressing air pollution issues, are to be evaluated. Therefore, they are suitable for the analysis supporting urban planning activities, with a view to addressing and mitigating the effects and the consequences of pollution due to the transportation sector of the urban context.

Comprehensive Pricing Model of Urban Traffic Air Pollution Based on Bi-Level Programming

2012 ◽  
Vol 253-255 ◽  
pp. 1913-1917
Author(s):  
Ze Bin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Pricing Model ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Relationship Model ◽  
The Relationship

In order to reduce the negative impact of urban traffic air pollution, this paper firstly analyzes the relationship between urban traffic air pollution and vehicle speed, after providing the relationship model, the paper establishes a comprehensive pricing model of urban traffic air pollution based on bi-level programming, the model considers the traffic air pollution pricing, and includes the factors of congestion pricing, bus fee, pricing revenue redistribution on improvement of public transport services and the expansion of road capacity. The case study shows that the implementation of comprehensive pricing of urban traffic air pollution can reduce traffic pollution and unreasonable traffic flow, which is conducive to the sustainable development of the city.

scholarly journals Assessing the Respiratory Effects of Air Pollution from Biomass Cookstoves on Pregnant Women in Rural India

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Raj Parikh ◽  
Sowmya R. Rao ◽  
Rakesh Kukde ◽  
George T. O'Connor ◽  
Archana Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Central India ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Biomass Fuel ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Rural India ◽  
P Value ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Respiratory Effects

Background: In India, biomass fuel is burned in many homes under inefficient conditions, leading to a complex milieu of particulate matter and environmental toxins known as household air pollution (HAP). Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable as they and their fetus may suffer from adverse consequences of HAP. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a noninvasive, underutilized tool that can serve as a surrogate for airway inflammation. We evaluated the prevalence of respiratory illness, using pulmonary questionnaires and FeNO measurements, among pregnant women in rural India who utilize biomass fuel as a source of energy within their home. Methods: We prospectively studied 60 pregnant women in their 1st and 2nd trimester residing in villages near Nagpur, Central India. We measured FeNO levels in parts per billion (ppb), St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ-C) scores, and the Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) Dyspnea Scale. We evaluated the difference in the outcome distributions between women using biomass fuels and those using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) using two-tailed t-tests. Results: Sixty-five subjects (32 in Biomass households; 28 in LPG households; 5 unable to complete) were enrolled in the study. Age, education level, and second-hand smoke exposure were comparable between both groups. FeNO levels were higher in the Biomass vs. LPG group (25.4 ppb vs. 8.6 ppb; p-value = 0.001). There was a difference in mean composite SGRQ-C score (27.1 Biomass vs. 10.8 LPG; p-value < 0.001) including three subtotal scores for Symptoms (47.0 Biomass vs. 20.2 LPG; p-value< 0.001), Activity (36.4 Biomass vs. 16.5 LPG; p-value < 0.001) and Impact (15.9 Biomass vs. 5.2 LPG; p-value < 0.001). The mMRC Dyspnea Scale was higher in the Biomass vs. LPG group as well (2.9 vs. 0.5; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Increased FeNO levels and higher dyspnea scores in biomass-fuel-exposed subjects confirm the adverse respiratory effects of this exposure during pregnancy. More so, FeNO may be a useful, noninvasive biomarker of inflammation that can help better understand the physiologic effects of biomass smoke on pregnant women. In the future, larger studies are needed to characterize the utility of FeNO in a population exposed to HAP.

Air pollution in an urban street canyon: Novel insights from highly resolved traffic information and meteorology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Ehrnsperger ◽  
Otto Klemm
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Traffic Information ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Gasoline Vehicles ◽  
Agricultural Areas

&lt;p&gt;Ambient air pollution caused by fine particulate matter (PM) and trace gases is a pressing topic as it affects the vast majority of the world's population, especially in densely populated urban environments. The main sources of ambient air pollution in cities are road traffic, industries and domestic heating. Alongside nitrogen oxides (NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;) and PM, ammonia (NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) is also a relevant air pollutant due to its role as a precursor of particulate ammonium (NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;). To examine the temporal patterns and sources of air pollutants, this study used fast-response air quality measurements in combination with highly resolved traffic information in M&amp;#252;nster, NW Germany. The temporal dynamics of NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; and the particle number concentration (PN&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;) were similar to the diurnal and weekly courses of the traffic density. On very short timescales, the real-world peak ratios of NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; and PM&amp;#160;&amp;#8804;&amp;#160;10&amp;#160;&amp;#181;m diameter (PM&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;) exceeded the predicted pollutant emission ratios of the Handbook for Emission Factors for Road Transport (HBEFA) by a factor of 6.4 and 2.0, respectively. A relative importance model revealed that light-duty vehicles (LDVs) are the major relative contributor to PN&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; (38&amp;#160;%) despite their low abundance (4&amp;#160;%) in the local vehicle fleet.&amp;#160; Diesel and gasoline vehicles contributed similarly to the concentrations of PM&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; and PN&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;, while the impact of gasoline vehicles on the PM&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; concentration was greater than that of diesel vehicles by a factor of 4.4. The most recent emission class Euro&amp;#160;6 had the highest influence on PM&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;. Meteorological parameters explained a large portion of the variations in PM&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; and PM&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, while meteorology had only a minor influence on PN&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;. We also studied the short-term temporal dynamics of urban NH&lt;sub&gt;3 &lt;/sub&gt;concentrations, the role of road traffic and agriculture as NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; sources and the importance of ammonia for secondary particle formation (SPF). The NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; mixing ratio was rather high (mean:&amp;#160;17&amp;#160;ppb) compared to other urban areas and showed distinct diurnal maxima around 10 a.m. and 9&amp;#160;p.m. The main source for ammonia in M&amp;#252;nster was agriculture, but road traffic also contributed through local emissions from vehicle catalysts. NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; from surrounding agricultural areas accumulated in the nocturnal boundary layer and contributed to SPF in the city center. The size-resolved chemical composition of inorganic ions in PM&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; was dominated by NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; (8.7&amp;#160;&amp;#181;g&amp;#160;m&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;), followed by NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; (3.9&amp;#160;&amp;#181;g&amp;#160;m&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;), SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2-&lt;/sup&gt; (1.6&amp;#160;&amp;#181;g&amp;#160;m&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;) and Cl&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; (1.3&amp;#160;&amp;#181;g&amp;#160;m&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;). Particles in the accumulation range (diameter: 0.1&amp;#160;&amp;#8211;&amp;#160;1&amp;#160;&amp;#181;m) showed the highest inorganic ion concentrations. The ammonium neutralization index J (111&amp;#160;%) indicated an excess of NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; leading to mostly alkaline PM. High ammonia emissions from surrounding agricultural areas combined with large amounts of NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; from road traffic play a crucial role for SPF in M&amp;#252;nster. Our results further indicate that replacing fossil-fuelled LDVs with electrical vehicles would greatly reduce the PN&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations at this urban site.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Study on mapping ozone pollution and ozone pollution regime in Cantho city then propose solutions to reduce ozone pollution

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 247-257
Author(s):  
Bang Quoc Ho ◽  
Tam Thoai Nguyen ◽  
Khue Hoang Ngoc Vu
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Ozone Concentration ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Ozone Pollution ◽  
Sensitive Areas ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Can Tho City ◽  
The City

Can Tho City is one the 5th largest city in Vietnam, with hight rate of economic growth and densely populated with 1,251,809 people, butsling traffic activities with 566,593 motobikes and 15,105 cars and hundreds of factories. The air in Can Tho city is polluted by dust and ozone. However, Can Tho city currently does not have a study on the simulation air pollution spread, therefore we do not have an overview on the status of air pollution in order to do not have solutions to limit the increase of pollution status of the city. The purpose of this study is to collect air pollutant emissions from other study. After that, TAPOM model is used to simulate the effects of ozone on the surrounding areas and study the ozone regime in Cantho city. The study results showed that the highest ozone concentration for an hour everage is 196 μg/m3. Compare with national technical regulation about ambient air QCVN 5:2013/BTNMT, ozone concentration is approximately at the allowable limit. The study of ozone regime had identified that VOC sensitive areas are Ninh Kieu district and a part in the south of Binh Thuy district, and NOx sensitive areas are the rested areas of Cantho city. The main cause contributing to increased VOC emission in the central area of the city is motorcycles, NOx emissions in the remaining areas of Cantho city are from the rice production factories. Proposals to protect the air quality in Cantho city are suggested.

scholarly journals Distribution of sources of household air pollution: a cross-sectional study in Cameroon

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esong Miranda Baame ◽  
André Pascal Goura ◽  
Bertrand Hugo Ngahane Mbatchou ◽  
Berenice Walage ◽  
Herman Styve Yomi Simo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Health District ◽  
Household Air Pollution ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background: Household air pollution (HAP) is a recognised risk factor for many diseases, including respiratory diseases, cardiovascular/circulatory disorders, adverse pregnancy outcomes and cataracts. Population exposure to biomass fuels, including wood, varies among countries and from one fuel source to the other. This study aimed to investigate the different sources of HAP in peri-urban and rural communities in Cameroon. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a representative sample of households from the Dschang Health District (DHD) region. This included 848 homes in which a range of fuels for cooking including biomass (firewood, charcoal, sawdust), kerosene and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) were used both indoors and outdoors. Results: Of the study households, 651 (77%) reported exclusive use of firewood and 141 (17%) reported using more than one source of fuel. Exclusive use of firewood was greater in rural communities (94%) than in peri-urban communities (38%). In peri-urban communites, use of multiple fuels including LPG, wood, sawdust and kerosene, was more common (44.75%). A total of 25.03% of households in both peri-urban and rural communities reported using bottled gas (or liquified petroleum gas (LPG) for cooking. Motivations for choice of fuel included, price, availability (easy access), rapidity, tradition or culture related factorsConclusion: Wood is the main cooking fuel in both peri-urban and rural communities in the Dschang Health District. Work to help households (especially those who are resource poor) to adopt LPG equipment for cooking, and use in a more exclusive way is required.

scholarly journals Particular matter influences the incidence of acute otitis media in children

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mina Park ◽  
Jiyeon Han ◽  
Jiwon Park ◽  
Myoung-jin Jang ◽  
Moo Kyun Park
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Acute Otitis Media ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Claim Data ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Main Component ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractParticulate matter (PM) is the main component of air pollution. Children are vulnerable to PM and acute otitis media (AOM), which is one of the most common diseases in children. However, studies on the relationship between AOM in children and PM are rare and their results are inconsistent. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of PM on AOM in children on the basis of the Korea National Health Insurance service (NHIS) claims data. NHIS claim data from 2008 to 2015 was used to identify outpatient visits, antibiotic use to treat AOM, and demographic data. This data was combined with the data on PM2.5 (≤ 2.5 μm) and PM10 (≤ 10 μm according to its aerodynamic diameter) level extracted from air pollution data from Korean National Institute of Environmental Research for 16 administrative regions. The children with AOM were divided into three age groups (< 2, 2–4, 5–10 years). Generalized linear Poisson regression model was used to estimate the association between AOM and PM using daily counts of AOM and daily mean PM concentrations. It was adjusted to temperature, wind, humidity, season, year, age, and region. With an increase in PM2.5 of 10 μg/m3, the relative risk of OM increased by 4.5% in children under 2 years of age. The effect of PM2.5 was strongest influence on the day of exposure. The exposure to PM10 was related to the incidence of AOM on the day of exposure and the following seven days in all three age groups. The PM concentrations did not strongly affect either AOM duration or the use of antibiotics to cure AOM. The RR in the each lag day after exposure to PM10 was diverse according to the age groups. Regardless of PM size and children’s age, the PM levels are positively related to the incidence of AOM. Both PM2.5 and PM10 have the most adverse effects on children under 2 years of age and on the day of exposure.

Respiratory health evaluation of construction workers using questionnaire

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-320
Author(s):  
Umesh C. Ojha ◽  
Sonam Spalgais ◽  
Ashish Ranjan ◽  
Omkar K. Choudhari
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Occupational Health ◽  
Respiratory Health ◽  
Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease ◽  
Construction Workers ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Growing Economy ◽  
Participant Response

Relevance . With growing economy and flourishing construction industries the comorbidities among construction workers are also raised. They are exposed to various dust, fumes, noxious gases and vapours making them susceptible to chronic airway diseases like Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. The aim of the study was to evaluate the respiratory health status of construction workers in an unorganised sector. Materials and Methods . The data collected from National Capital of Delhi region in an unorganised sector of construction workers by using a Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire by the Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental research, Basaidarapur, Delhi, India. All the participant response was noted and the answers were evaluated to see respiratory health status of workers. Total 200 workers were evaluated. Total 182 males and 18 female participated in the study. Results and Discussion . 25% of workers reported poor health at the time of the survey, while only 4% of workers considered their health to be very good. Among the main complaints were indicated: cough, sputum production, shortness of breath, chest infections, attacks of wheezing. The overall mean of Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire core was 33.55. It increases with the working period in the construction field with 21.6% for 10years and 49.1 for 30years experienced workers, while workers with 11 to 20 years of experience, the score was 28.4. The Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire score was 35.1 in 21-30 years of experienced construction workers. Conclusion . As a result of the study, construction workers are found to be at high risk of various respiratory diseases and related disabilities. Participants in this study did not receive any treatment for respiratory problems at any clinic. This means the importance of occupational health education and the use of personal protective equipment and safe working conditions for construction workers.

scholarly journals Analysis for Shore Power Economy in Preventing Air Pollution of Vessels are Docked at the Berth

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 04020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haibo Li
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Service Charge ◽  
Investment Income ◽  
Economic Indexes

Shore power can be used to effectively reduce air pollutant emission of vessels at ports when the vessels are docked at the berth. However, at present, due to investment income imbalance, enthusiasm for the construction of port and vessel enterprises and to utilize shore power is low, which causes that use proportion for shore power is low. Economy for shore power is one of the most important factors to affect the construction proportion and use of shore power. In the Paper, the influence of service charge, power price and maintenance cost of shore power on shore power economy were systematically analyzed, and investment and income of shore power were analyzed and compared. Economic indexes for payback period etc. were calculated and analyzed, and relation and influence for related factors of shore power economy were deeply analyzed. Finally, related suggestions for promoting shore power use of vessels are docked at berth were proposed from the perspective of economy.

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