scholarly journals Extraction Efficiency of a Commercial Espresso Machine Compared to a Stainless-Steel Column Pressurized Hot Water Extraction (PHWE) System for the Determination of 23 Pharmaceuticals, Antibiotics and Hormones in Sewage Sludge

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ola Svahn ◽  
Erland Björklund
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Hot Water Extraction ◽  
Pressurized Hot Water Extraction ◽  
Steel Column ◽  
Stainless Steel Column

Two green chemistry extraction systems, an in-house stainless-steel column Pressurized Hot Water Extraction system (PHWE) and a commercially available Espresso machine were applied for analysing 23 active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in sewage sludge. Final analysis was performed on UPLC-MS/MS using two different chromatographic methods: acid and basic. When analysing all 23 APIs in sewage sludge both extraction methods showed good repeatability. The PHWE method allowed for a more complete extraction of APIs that were more tightly bound to the matrix, as exemplified by much higher concentrations of e.g., ketoconazole, citalopram and ciprofloxacin. In total, 19 out of 23 investigated APIs were quantified in sewage sludge, and with a few exceptions the PHWE method was more exhaustive. Mean absolute recoveries of 7 spiked labelled APIs were lower for the PHWE method than the Espresso method. Under acid chromatographic conditions mean recoveries were 16% and 24%, respectively, but increased to 24% and 37% under basic conditions. The difference between the PHWE method and the Espresso method might be interpreted as the Espresso method giving higher extraction efficiency; however, TIC scans of extracts revealed a much higher matrix co-extraction for the PHWE method. Attempts were made to correlate occurrence of compounds in sewage sludge with chemical properties of the 23 APIs and there are strong indications that both the number of aromatic rings and the presence of a positive charge is important for the sorption processes to sewage sludge.

scholarly journals Structural and Thermal Analysis of Softwood Lignins from a Pressurized Hot Water Extraction Biorefinery Process and Modified Derivatives

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Lagerquist ◽  
Andrey Pranovich ◽  
Ivan Sumerskii ◽  
Sebastian von Schoultz ◽  
Lari Vähäsalo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Hot Water Extraction ◽  
Pressurized Hot Water Extraction ◽  
Lignin Fraction ◽  
Carboxylic Groups ◽  
Nmr Techniques

In this work we have analyzed the pine and spruce softwood lignin fraction recovered from a novel pressurized hot water extraction pilot process. The lignin structure was characterized using multiple NMR techniques and the thermal properties were analyzed using thermal gravimetric analysis. Acetylated and selectively methylated derivatives were prepared, and their structure and properties were analyzed and compared to the unmodified lignin. The lignin had relatively high molar weight and low PDI values and even less polydisperse fractions could be obtained by fractionation based on solubility in i-PrOH. Condensation, especially at the 5-position, was detected in this sulphur-free technical lignin, which had been enriched with carbon compared to the milled wood lignin (MWL) sample of the same wood chips. An increase in phenolic and carboxylic groups was also detected, which makes the lignin accessible to chemical modification. The lignin was determined to be thermally stable up to (273–302 °C) based on its Tdst 95% value. Due to the thermal stability, low polydispersity, and possibility to tailor its chemical properties by modification of its hydroxyl groups, possible application areas for the lignin could be in polymeric blends, composites or in resins.

Effect of Ultrasonic Wave on Lentinan Extraction

2011 ◽  
Vol 291-294 ◽  
pp. 1339-1343
Author(s):  
Wen Bo Zhang ◽  
Hong Rui Li ◽  
Jun Tao ◽  
Bing Bing Dong
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Extraction Technique ◽  
Orthogonal Experimental Design ◽  
Extraction Temperature ◽  
Lentinus Edodes ◽  
Extraction Condition ◽  
Hot Water Extraction ◽  
Extraction Parameters

The research in this paper optimized the extraction technique of lentinan with ultrasonic assistant method on the basis of hot water extraction technique, and investigated the promoting function of ultrasound to polysaccharides extraction. Extraction condition was selected by means of orthogonal experimental design, four factors and three levels L9(34), after key elements were respectively chosen through single factor experiments. Comparison between optimal extraction parameters of two method, hot water extraction technique and ultrasonic assistant extraction technique, showed decreased extraction temperature and significantly shortened extraction time, which existed in the second means, improved the extraction efficiency. Lentinus edodes polysaccharide extracted with ultrasonic assistant technique, the extraction rate and polysaccharide content percentage increased 6.22% and 8.66% respectively, comparative to which extracted with hot water extraction technique.

scholarly journals Simultaneous extraction of phenolics and essential oil from peppermint by pressurized hot water extraction

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 200-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Çam ◽  
Esma Yüksel ◽  
Hamza Alaşalvar ◽  
Bülent Başyiğit ◽  
Hülya Şen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Hot Water Extraction ◽  
Simultaneous Extraction ◽  
Pressurized Hot Water Extraction
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