scholarly journals VirtFogSim: A Parallel Toolbox for Dynamic Energy-Delay Performance Testing and Optimization of 5G Mobile-Fog-Cloud Virtualized Platforms

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Scarpiniti ◽  
Enzo Baccarelli ◽  
Alireza Momenzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Effective Means ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Future Internet ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Parallel Execution ◽  
Graphic User Interface ◽  
Energy Aware ◽  
Internet Applications ◽  
Delay Performance

It is expected that the pervasive deployment of multi-tier 5G-supported Mobile-Fog-Cloudtechnological computing platforms will constitute an effective means to support the real-time execution of future Internet applications by resource- and energy-limited mobile devices. Increasing interest in this emerging networking-computing technology demands the optimization and performance evaluation of several parts of the underlying infrastructures. However, field trials are challenging due to their operational costs, and in every case, the obtained results could be difficult to repeat and customize. These emerging Mobile-Fog-Cloud ecosystems still lack, indeed, customizable software tools for the performance simulation of their computing-networking building blocks. Motivated by these considerations, in this contribution, we present VirtFogSim. It is a MATLAB-supported software toolbox that allows the dynamic joint optimization and tracking of the energy and delay performance of Mobile-Fog-Cloud systems for the execution of applications described by general Directed Application Graphs (DAGs). In a nutshell, the main peculiar features of the proposed VirtFogSim toolbox are that: (i) it allows the joint dynamic energy-aware optimization of the placement of the application tasks and the allocation of the needed computing-networking resources under hard constraints on acceptable overall execution times; (ii) it allows the repeatable and customizable simulation of the resulting energy-delay performance of the overall system; (iii) it allows the dynamic tracking of the performed resource allocation under time-varying operational environments, as those typically featuring mobile applications; (iv) it is equipped with a user-friendly Graphic User Interface (GUI) that supports a number of graphic formats for data rendering; and (v) its MATLAB code is optimized for running atop multi-core parallel execution platforms. To check both the actual optimization and scalability capabilities of the VirtFogSim toolbox, a number of experimental setups featuring different use cases and operational environments are simulated, and their performances are compared.

scholarly journals DeepFogSim: A Toolbox for Execution and Performance Evaluation of the Inference Phase of Conditional Deep Neural Networks with Early Exits Atop Distributed Fog Platforms

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 377
Author(s):  
Michele Scarpiniti ◽  
Enzo Baccarelli ◽  
Alireza Momenzadeh ◽  
Sima Sarv Ahrabi
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Future Internet ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Graphic User Interface ◽  
Energy Aware ◽  
Internet Applications ◽  
The Real ◽  
Delay Performance ◽  
Hard Constraints

The recent introduction of the so-called Conditional Neural Networks (CDNNs) with multiple early exits, executed atop virtualized multi-tier Fog platforms, makes feasible the real-time and energy-efficient execution of analytics required by future Internet applications. However, until now, toolkits for the evaluation of energy-vs.-delay performance of the inference phase of CDNNs executed on such platforms, have not been available. Motivated by these considerations, in this contribution, we present DeepFogSim. It is a MATLAB-supported software toolbox aiming at testing the performance of virtualized technological platforms for the real-time distributed execution of the inference phase of CDNNs with early exits under IoT realms. The main peculiar features of the proposed DeepFogSim toolbox are that: (i) it allows the joint dynamic energy-aware optimization of the Fog-hosted computing-networking resources under hard constraints on the tolerated inference delays; (ii) it allows the repeatable and customizable simulation of the resulting energy-delay performance of the overall Fog execution platform; (iii) it allows the dynamic tracking of the performed resource allocation under time-varying operating conditions and/or failure events; and (iv) it is equipped with a user-friendly Graphic User Interface (GUI) that supports a number of graphic formats for data rendering. Some numerical results give evidence for about the actual capabilities of the proposed DeepFogSim toolbox.

scholarly journals A cloud-based service-oriented architecture to unlock smart energy services

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maliheh Haghgoo ◽  
Alberto Dognini ◽  
Thomas Storek ◽  
Radu Plamanescu ◽  
Ulrike Rahe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Service Oriented Architecture ◽  
Future Internet ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Internet Applications ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Service Oriented

AbstractIn a modern smart energy system with increased penetration of renewable energy resources, the amount of data from various sources is growing significantly. Such systems require complex algorithms and controlling on-demand. These requirements can be addressed with on-demand scalability and a stable system. Nowadays, on-demand scalability is achieved by considering cloud computing and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. This paper presents a cloud-based platform based on service-oriented architecture to perform analyzes on smart energy system services. It is the result of the European FISMEP (FIWARE for Smart Energy Platform) project to demonstrate an information and communication technology (ICT) architecture for the smart energy sector. The presented architecture is powered by FIWARE, open-source and customizable building blocks for future internet applications and services. Furthermore, the feasibility of the architecture is evaluated using various test cases.

scholarly journals Sugar Beet Performance with Curly Top Is Related to Virus Accumulation and Age at Infection

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 657-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. Wintermantel ◽  
Stephen R. Kaffka
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
Multiple Traits ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Virus Accumulation ◽  
Greenhouse Assay

Resistance to curly top disease caused by Beet curly top virus (BCTV) and related curtoviruses has been important to sustainable sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) production in the western United States for most of the last century. Recent advances in sugar beet genetics have led to the development of high-yielding cultivars, but these cultivars have little resistance to curly top disease. These cultivars are highly effective when disease management practices or environmental factors minimize curly top incidence, but can result in significant losses in years with early infection or abundant curly top. A greenhouse assay has been developed to rapidly test cultivars for a broad array of factors affecting performance in the presence of curly top. Previous studies have shown that sugar beet plants were more susceptible and losses more severe when seedlings were infected by BCTV, but less severe when plants were larger at the time of infection. To evaluate more precisely the relationship between age at infection, disease severity, virus accumulation, and yield loss in modern cultivars that were not bred for curly top resistance, individual sugar beet plants varying in degree of resistance and susceptibility to curly top were inoculated by viruliferous beet leafhoppers (Circulifer tenellus) when plants had two, four, or six true leaves, and maintained in a greenhouse for 6 weeks. When plants were inoculated at the two-leaf stage, all cultivars became severely stunted, with high disease ratings and similar rates of symptom development, regardless of resistance or susceptibility of the cultivar. Plants inoculated at four-and six-leaf stages exhibited increasing separation between resistant and susceptible phenotypes, with highly resistant cultivars performing well with low disease ratings and increased plant weights relative to susceptible cultivars. High-yielding cultivars performed only slightly better than the susceptible control cultivar. Results from greenhouse trials matched those from field trials conducted under heavy curly top pressure. Importantly, low virus concentration was directly correlated with lower disease ratings and higher plant weight, while elevated virus concentrations corresponded to higher disease ratings and lower weights. This demonstrates that a rapid greenhouse assay involving multiple traits can provide a rapid and effective means of selecting cultivars with improved curly top control, and could lead to more rapid incorporation of resistance into high-yielding sugar beet.

scholarly journals Modified Humic Substances as Soil Conditioners: Laboratory and Field Trials

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Natalia A. Kulikova ◽  
Alexander B. Volikov ◽  
Olga I. Filippova ◽  
Vladimir A. Kholodov ◽  
Nadezhda V. Yaroslavtseva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Humic Substances ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Soil Conditioner ◽  
Model Soil ◽  
Substrate Induced Respiration ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Survival Of Seedlings

The paper is devoted to the development and performance testing of a soil conditioner based on leonardite humic substances (LHS) modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). The modified HS were obtained by adding APTES to LHS solution at different mass ratios of LHS and APTES, followed by the investigation of siloxane structures using 31Si NMR spectroscopy. The Urbic Technosol was used as a model soil. The size and amount of water-stable soil aggregates were estimated using wet sieving and laser diffraction, respectively. Toxicity was evaluated by monitoring microbial substrate-induced respiration (SIR) and seedling bioassay. Laboratory column experiments demonstrated an increase in water-stability of the 3–5 mm soil aggregates after LHS-APTES application. Field tests showed an increase in the average weighted diameter of micro aggregates (from 59 to 73 μm) and water-stable macroaggregates (from 1.6 to 2.9 mm) due to the LHS-APTES amendment. A substantial increase in SIR from 5 to 9 mg CO2 (kg h)−1 was detected. Better survival of seedlings was observed. The obtained beneficial results indicate that APTES-modified HS can be successfully used as a soil conditioner. The formation of extended siloxane networks was suggested as the main mechanism of the observed improvement in the structure of the amended soils.

scholarly journals High expression of VRT2 during wheat spikelet initiation increases the number of rudimentary basal spikelets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna E Backhaus ◽  
Ashleigh Lister ◽  
Melissa Tomkins ◽  
Nikolai M. Adamski ◽  
James Simmonds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Developmental Genetics ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Single Spike

Spikelets are the fundamental building blocks of Poaceae inflorescences and their development and branching patterns determine the various inflorescence architectures and grain yield of grasses. In wheat, the central spikelets produce the most and largest grains, while spikelet size gradually decreases acro- and basipetally, giving rise to the characteristic lanceolate shape of wheat spikes. The acropetal gradient correlates with the developmental age of spikelets, however the basal spikelets are developed first and the cause of their small size and rudimentary development is unclear. Here, we adapted G&T-seq, a low-input transcriptomics approach, to characterise gene expression profiles within spatial sections of individual spikes before and after the establishment of the lanceolate shape. We observed larger differences in gene expression profiles between the apical, central and basal sections of a single spike than between any section belonging to consecutive developmental timepoints. We found that SVP MADS-box transcription factors, including VRT-A2, are expressed highest in the basal section of the wheat spike and display the opposite expression gradient to flowering E-class SEP1 genes. Based on multi-year field trials and transgenic lines we show that higher expression of VRT-A2 in the basal sections of the spike is associated with increased numbers of rudimentary basal spikelets. Our results, supported by computational modelling, suggest that the delayed transition of basal spikelets from vegetative to floral developmental programmes results in the lanceolate shape of wheat spikes. This study highlights the value of spatially resolved transcriptomics to gain new insights into developmental genetics pathways of grass inflorescences.

Structured Overlay Networks as an Enabler for Future Internet ServicesStrukturierte Overlay Netze als Wegbereiter für NGI Dienste

2009 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Kunzmann ◽  
Andreas Binzenhöfer ◽  
Fabian Stäber
Keyword(s):  
User Experience ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Overlay Networks ◽  
Future Internet ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Internet Applications ◽  
Next Generation Internet ◽  
Powerful Means ◽  
Structured Overlay ◽  
Structured Overlay Networks

AbstractThe next generation Internet will not only be defined by its technological progress but also by innovative Internet applications which offer new features, more interactivity, and a better user experience. Structured overlay networks, which create a well-defined virtual topology above the basic transport network, are a powerful means to easily create such Internet applications. There are many different approaches to realize structured overlay networks which in their core functions share the same basic principles. In this work we summarize the fundamentals of structured overlay networks, describe their inherent problems, and present an overview of our solutions. We then show how all these ideas have been put into practice in terms of a distributed carrier grade communication platform.

Evaluating the EPA's Comparative Product Performance Testing Guidelines for Herbicides in Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-222
Author(s):  
Robin R. Bellinder ◽  
Marija Arsenovic ◽  
Jonathan J. Kirkwyland ◽  
Russell W. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Snap Bean ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Product Comparison

Following suggested guidelines developed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), comparative snap bean herbicide performance field trials were conducted from 1993 to 1995 in New York. Data were obtained on crop injury, weed control, and weed biomass, and crop yield, quality, and losses during harvest. Trifluralin, EPTC, and pendimethalin applied preplant incorporated (PPI) and applications of metolachlor applied preemergence (PRE) provided less than adequate control of redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, and hairy galinsoga. Cultivation improved weed control with PPI and PRE applications. Metolachlor + fomesafen PRE provided good control of hairy galinsoga, adequate redroot pigweed control, and marginal control of common lambsquarters. Fomesafen applied postemergence (POST), combinations of metolachlor applied PRE with fomesafen or bentazon applied POST, and fomesafen + bentazon applied POST adequately controlled the three weed species without cultivation. Herbicide treatments had little measurable impact on snap bean quality or losses during harvest. Information from product comparison trials may be useful in developing recommendations for growers but may prove less than adequate in providing data necessary for a thorough evaluation of the relative benefits of individual herbicides as intended by EPA guidelines. Difficulties were encountered in following the guidelines, and costs of conducting the product comparison trials for a single crop in one growing region exceeded $90,000 over 3 yr.

scholarly journals Mastering Interactions with Internet of Things Platforms through the IoTVar Middleware

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Pedro Victor Borges ◽  
Chantal Taconet ◽  
Sophie Chabridon ◽  
Denis Conan ◽  
Thais Batista ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Future Internet ◽  
Internet Applications ◽  
Device Discovery ◽  
Geographically Dispersed ◽  
Iot Platform ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Iot Platforms ◽  
Client Side ◽  
Application Developers

The rising popularity of the Internet of Things (IoT) has led to a plethora of highly heterogeneous, geographically dispersed devices. In recent years, IoT platforms have been used to provide a variety of services to applications such as device discovery, context management, and data analysis. However, the lack of standardization currently means that each IoT platform comes with its own abstractions, APIs, and interactions. As a consequence, programming the interactions between an application and an IoT platform is often time consuming, error prone, and depends on the developers’ level of knowledge about the IoT platform. To address these issues, we propose offering to application developers on the client side the possibility to declare variables that are automatically mapped to sensors and whose values are transparently updated with sensor observations. For this purpose, we introduce IoTVar, a middleware between IoT applications and platforms. In IoTVar, all the necessary interactions with IoT platforms are managed by proxies. This paper presents IoTVar integrated with the FIWARE platform, which is used for developing IoT Future Internet applications. We also report results of some experiments performed to evaluate IoTVar, showing IoTVar reduces the effort required to declare and manage IoT variables and its impact in terms of CPU, memory, and energy.

scholarly journals A Study on Join Operations in MongoDB Preserving Collections Data Models for Future Internet Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Celesti ◽  
Maria Fazio ◽  
Massimo Villari
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Future Internet ◽  
Data Models ◽  
Application Layer ◽  
Software Developers ◽  
Internet Applications ◽  
Nosql Databases ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Relational Database Management

Presently, we are observing an explosion of data that need to be stored and processed over the Internet, and characterized by large volume, velocity and variety. For this reason, software developers have begun to look at NoSQL solutions for data storage. However, operations that are trivial in traditional Relational DataBase Management Systems (DBMSs) can become very complex in NoSQL DBMSs. This is the case of the join operation to establish a connection between two or more DB structures, whose construct is not explicitly available in many NoSQL databases. As a consequence, the data model has to be changed or a set of operations have to be performed to address particular queries on data. Thus, open questions are: how do NoSQL solutions work when they have to perform join operations on data that are not natively supported? What is the quality of NoSQL solutions in such cases? In this paper, we deal with such issues specifically considering one of the major NoSQL document oriented DB available on the market: MongoDB. In particular, we discuss an approach to perform join operations at application layer in MongoDB that allows us to preserve data models. We analyse performance of the proposes approach discussing the introduced overhead in comparison with SQL-like DBs.

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