scholarly journals A Novel Base-Station Selection Strategy for Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) Communications

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiaozhi Hua ◽  
Keping Yu ◽  
Zheng Wen ◽  
Takuro Sato
Keyword(s):  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Selection Strategy ◽  
Network Resources ◽  
Femtocell Networks ◽  
Selection Policy ◽  
Load Imbalance ◽  
Markov Decision ◽  
Frequent Switching ◽  
Vehicle Mobility

Cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) communication facilitates the improved safety, comfort, and efficiency of vehicles and mobility by exchanging information between vehicles and other entities. In general, only the macrocell or only the femtocell is the communication infrastructure for C-V2X. Currently, a macro-femtocell network is used as the new C-V2X networking architecture. However, there are two unresolved problems for C-V2X in macro-femtocell networks. Firstly, vehicle mobility requires the frequent switching of connections between different base stations; invalid switching results in worse communication quality. Secondly, unintelligent base station selections cause network congestion and network-load imbalance. To address the above challenges, this paper proposes a base station selection strategy based on a Markov decision policy for a vehicle in a macro-femtocell system. Firstly, we present a mechanism to predict received signal strength (RSS) for base station selection. Secondly, a comparing Markov decision policy algorithm is presented in C-V2X. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to achieve predicted RSS based on a Markov decision policy in C-V2X technology. To validate the proposed mechanism, we simulated the traditional base station selection and our proposal when the vehicle moved at different speeds. This demonstrates that the effectiveness of a traditional base station selection policy is obvious only at high speeds, and this weakness can be resolved by our proposal. Then, we compare our solution with the traditional base station selection policy. The simulation results show that our solution is effective at switching connections between base stations, and it can effectively prevent the overloading of network resources.

Energy Efficient Schemes for Base Station Management in 4G Broadband Systems

2014 ◽  
pp. 100-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Bousia ◽  
Elli Kartsakli ◽  
Angelos Antonopoulos ◽  
Luis Alonso ◽  
Christos Verikoukis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Network Resources ◽  
Load Variations ◽  
Mobile Cellular ◽  
Main Component

Reducing the energy consumption in wireless networks has become a significant challenge, not only because of its great impact on the global energy crisis, but also because it represents a noteworthy cost for telecommunication operators. The Base Stations (BSs), constituting the main component of wireless infrastructure and the major contributor to the energy consumption of mobile cellular networks, are usually designed and planned to serve their customers during peak times. Therefore, they are more than sufficient when the traffic load is low. In this chapter, the authors propose a number of BSs switching off algorithms as an energy efficient solution to the problem of redundancy of network resources. They demonstrate via analysis and by means of simulations that one can achieve reduction in energy consumption when one switches off the unnecessary BSs. In particular, the authors evaluate the energy that can be saved by progressively turning off BSs during the periods when traffic decreases depending on the traffic load variations and the distance between the BS and their associated User Equipments (UEs). In addition, the authors show how to optimize the energy savings of the network by calculating the most energy-efficient combination of switched off and active BSs.

scholarly journals Cognitive-Femtocell Based Resource Allocation in Macrocell Network

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joydev Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Network Coverage ◽  
Femtocell Networks ◽  
Single Input Single Output ◽  
Single Output ◽  
Efficiency Measures ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
Single Input ◽  
Cognitive Femtocell

<div>In this paper, we articulate the network coverage issues for both Femto Users (FUs) and Macro Users (MUs) located at cell edges. The cognitive-femtocell networks functioning under the vicinity of a macrocell frontier where the parameters such as pathloss, shadowing, Rayleigh fading have considered into the system model. The users, located at network border are positioned far apart from the Macro Base Station (MBS). This can be treated as the underprivileged users. The underprivileged users are to be facilitated by the femto cell base stations to provide uninterrupted QoS. We present on the overall outage probability of Single Input single Output (SISO) users and Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) users, respectively, by taking several circumstantial components such as such as probability density function (PDF), location gap between base stations (BSs) and users, intra-tier interference and inter-tier interference into account. Further, evaluation has been extended by considering network throughput as the efficiency measures based on the sub-carrier and the power allotment in the dual tier network.</div>

scholarly journals Remote Sensing Using Hybrid Access Cognitive Femtocell Networks in Wireless Communication

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 2196-2199
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Cognitive Radio Network ◽  
Radio Networks ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Maximum Throughput ◽  
Femtocell Networks ◽  
Network Effectiveness ◽  
Network Time

Femto cells are miniature wireless telecommunications base stations that can be placed in different inhibited or industry surroundings moreover as single stand-alone substance or in clusters to afford enhanced cellular coverage inside a building. It is extensively known that cellular coverage, predominantly for data transmission where high quality signal strengths are desirable is not as superior within buildings. By using a miniature domestic base station Femto cell, the cellular routine can be enhanced beside with the promising provision of other services. A cognitive radio network time after time detects handy channels in cellular spectrum, and then frequently varies its transmission or receiving parameters to tolerate further synchronized cellular communications in a given cellular electromagnetic band. Conveying of the free channels among main and minor users, in a specific geographic province at the same time as minimizing infringement amongst all users also known as the Spectrum allotment in cognitive radio networks. In this work MBS, FAP and MUs are presented. Here FAP serves the provision of sub channels and provides power in order to maximize the network effectiveness. Finally achieved maximum throughput for the deployed Macro users (MU) and also the above mentioned problem is solved by dual disintegration method.

scholarly journals Improving Energy Efficiency of Cooperative Femtocell Networks via Base Station Switching Off

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woongsup Lee ◽  
Bang Chul Jung
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Mobile Station ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Cooperative Transmission ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Femtocell Networks ◽  
Coordinated Multipoint ◽  
Performance Metric ◽  
Bs Switching ◽  
Optimal Set

Recently, energy efficiency (EE) of cellular networks has become an important performance metric, and several techniques have been proposed to increase the EE. Among them, turning off base stations (BSs) when not needed is considered as one of the most powerful techniques due to its simple operation and effectiveness. Herein, we propose a novel BS switching-off technique for cooperative femtocell networks where multiple femtocell BSs (FBSs) simultaneously send packets to the same mobile station (MS). Unlike conventional schemes, cooperative operation of FBSs, also known as coordinated multipoint (CoMP) transmission, is considered to determine which BSs are turned off in the proposed technique. We first formulate the optimization problem to find the optimal set of FBSs to be turned off. Then, we propose a suboptimal scheme operating in a distributed manner in order to reduce the computational complexity of the optimal scheme. The suboptimal scheme is based on throughput ratio (TR) which specifies the importance of a particular FBS for the cooperative transmission. Through simulations, we show that the energy consumption can be greatly reduced with the proposed technique, compared with conventional schemes. Moreover, we show that the suboptimal scheme also achieves the near-optimal performance even without the excessive computations.

scholarly journals Cognitive-Femtocell Based Resource Allocation in Macrocell Network

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joydev Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Network Coverage ◽  
Femtocell Networks ◽  
Single Input Single Output ◽  
Single Output ◽  
Efficiency Measures ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
Single Input ◽  
Cognitive Femtocell

<div>In this paper, we articulate the network coverage issues for both Femto Users (FUs) and Macro Users (MUs) located at cell edges. The cognitive-femtocell networks functioning under the vicinity of a macrocell frontier where the parameters such as pathloss, shadowing, Rayleigh fading have considered into the system model. The users, located at network border are positioned far apart from the Macro Base Station (MBS). This can be treated as the underprivileged users. The underprivileged users are to be facilitated by the femto cell base stations to provide uninterrupted QoS. We present on the overall outage probability of Single Input single Output (SISO) users and Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) users, respectively, by taking several circumstantial components such as such as probability density function (PDF), location gap between base stations (BSs) and users, intra-tier interference and inter-tier interference into account. Further, evaluation has been extended by considering network throughput as the efficiency measures based on the sub-carrier and the power allotment in the dual tier network.</div>

Research on Resource Allocation based on Clustering in Femtocell Networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 138
Author(s):  
Ding Kai ◽  
Liu Zhanjun ◽  
Zhou Shiyan ◽  
Ran Weiyi ◽  
Li Wei
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Fitness Function ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Conflict Graph ◽  
Search Range ◽  
Femtocell Networks ◽  
Resource Allocation Algorithm

<p>Aiming at the problem that existing femtocell base station searching the optimal clustering scheme based on the clustering resource allocation algorithm is complex. we propose that building an conflict graph and adjacency matrix before clustering to calculate the number of clusters needed for FBS group by using the adaptive clustering heuristic algorithm. We follow maximization the sum of the FBS distances in the cluster and group the femtocell base stations to narrow the search range to reduce the computational complexity. In order to achieve different business types service, based on the above clustering algorithm, this paper proposes a new method that using the weighted energy efficiency, which including the user interruption and the network spectral efficiency as a fitness function of the power control scheme to solve the problem. The simulation results show that the same rate requirement reduces the complexity, while the same complexity increases the user's average rate.</p>

scholarly journals Modified Least Squares Algorithm for Three-Dimensional Target Location Based on Wireless Communication Base Stations

Complexity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Zhaohui Zhang ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Qian Liu
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communication ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Selection Strategy ◽  
Time Of Arrival ◽  
Radio Signals

The observed values of time of arrival (TOA) for the radio signals between the target and the wireless communication base stations are mainly affected by signal non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation in target location. TOA with NLOS makes a lot of signal noises and propagation delays, that is, location errors. For the first time, this paper focuses on the problem of modifying the Z-axis location coordinates in three-dimensional (3D) target location. A novel algorithm is proposed by establishing the modified least squares 3D location model for the accurate target location. Meanwhile, an optimal base station selection strategy is proposed by using the spectral clustering algorithm, which is based on the spatial distribution of the base stations. Compared with the existing algorithms, the proposed algorithm in this paper has better performance on the accurate target 3D location in real scenes, which has a high value of practical application. The simulations illustrate that the location error of the proposed algorithm is smaller than those of other existing algorithms based on the same simulation data and conditions.

scholarly journals LB-DDQN for Handover Decision in Satellite-Terrestrial Integrated Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Dong-Fang Wu ◽  
Chuanhe Huang ◽  
Yabo Yin ◽  
Shidong Huang ◽  
M. Wasim Abbas Ashraf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Load Balancing ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Mobile Users ◽  
Integrated Networks ◽  
Handover Decision ◽  
Reward Function ◽  
Decision Method ◽  
Load Imbalance ◽  
Decision Methods

The frequent handover and handover failure problems obviously degrade the QoS of mobile users in the terrestrial segment (e.g., cellular networks) of satellite-terrestrial integrated networks (STINs). And the traditional handover decision methods rely on the historical data and produce the training cost. To solve these problems, the deep reinforcement learning- (DRL-) based handover decision methods are used in the handover management. In the existing DQN-based handover decision method, the overestimates of DQN method continue. Moreover, the current handover decision methods adopt the greedy strategy which lead to the load imbalance problem in base stations. Considering the handover decision and load imbalance problems, we proposed a load balancing-based double deep Q-network (LB-DDQN) method for handover decision. In the proposed load balancing strategy, we define a load coefficient to express the conditions of loading in each base station. The supplementary load balancing evaluation function evaluates the performance of this load balancing strategy. As the selected basic method, the DDQN method adopts the target Q-network and main Q-network to deal with the overestimate problem of the DQN method. Different from joint optimization, we input the load reward into the designed reward function. And the load coefficient becomes one handover decision factor. In our research, the handover decision and load imbalance problems are solved effectively and jointly. The experimental results show that the proposed LB-DDQN handover decision method obtains good performance in the handover decision. Moreover, the access of mobile users becomes more balancing and the throughput of network is also increased.

DEVELOPMENT OF VALUATION METHOD OF THE STATUS OF BASE STATIONS FOR DETERMINING THE NEED OF THEIR UPGRADING

2017 ◽  
pp. 60-70
Author(s):  
Natalya Ivanovna Shaposhnikova ◽  
Alexander Aleksandrovich Sorokin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Fuzzy Sets ◽  
Cellular Network ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Valuation Method ◽  
The Status ◽  
Telecommunications Services ◽  
Theory Of Fuzzy Sets

The article consideres the problems of determining the need to modernize the base stations of the cellular network based on the mathematical apparatus of the theory of fuzzy sets. To improve the quality of telecommunications services the operators should send significant funding for upgrading the equipment of base stations. Modernization can improve and extend the functions of base stations to provide cellular communication, increase the reliability of the base station in operation and the functionality of its individual elements, and reduce the cost of maintenance and repair when working on a cellular network. The complexity in collecting information about the equipment condition is determined by a large number of factors that affect its operation, as well as the imperfection of obtaining and processing the information received. For a comprehensive assessment of the need for modernization, it is necessary to take into account a number of indicators. In the structure of indicators of the need for modernization, there were introduced the parameters reflecting both the degree of aging and obsolescence(the technical gap and the backlog in connection with the emergence of new technologies and standards). In the process of a problem solving, the basic stages of decision-making on modernization have been allocated. Decision-making on the need for modernization is based not only on measuring information that takes into account the decision-makers, but also on linguistic and verbal information. Therefore, to determine the need for upgrading the base stations, the theory of fuzzy sets is used, with the help of which experts can be attracted to this issue. They will be able to formulate additional fuzzy judgments that help to take into account not only measuring characteristics, but also poorly formalized fuzzy information. To do this, the main indicators of the modernization need have been defined, and fuzzy estimates of the need for modernization for all indicators and a set of indicators reflecting the need for upgrading the base stations have been formulated.

Mobile network synthesis strategy

2019 ◽  
pp. 98-101
Author(s):  
V. Lyandres
Keyword(s):  
Average Distance ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Service Area ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Frequency Assignment ◽  
Network Synthesis ◽  
Universal Method ◽  
Synthesis Strategy ◽  
Adaptive Vector Quantization

Introduction:Effective synthesis of а mobile communication network includes joint optimisation of two processes: placement of base stations and frequency assignment. In real environments, the well-known cellular concept fails due to some reasons, such as not homogeneous traffic and non-isotropic wave propagation in the service area.Purpose:Looking for the universal method of finding a network structure close to the optimal.Results:The proposed approach is based on the idea of adaptive vector quantization of the network service area. As a result, it is reduced to a 2D discrete map split into zones with approximately equal number of service requests. In each zone, the algorithm finds such coordinates of its base station that provide the shortest average distance to all subscribers. This method takes into account the shortage of the a priory information about the current traffic, ensures maximum coverage of the service area, and what is not less important, significantly simplifies the process of frequency assignment.

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