scholarly journals Selected Aspects of Biofuels Market and the Electromobility Development in Poland: Current Trends and Forecasting Changes

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Kupczyk ◽  
Joanna Mączyńska ◽  
Grzegorz Redlarski ◽  
Karol Tucki ◽  
Anna Bączyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Basic Information ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Electrical Vehicles ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Liquid Biofuel

This work presents basic information associated with markets of selected alternative fuels used in transport, such as methyl esters, conventional bioethanol and lignocellulosic bioethanol, and the market of electrical vehicles. Legal conditions, which stimulate development and regulate the mode of functioning of the liquid biofuel market until 2020 are discussed, based on provisions of EU directives. Data on biofuel production in Poland are presented, as well as biofuel consumption in the EU, the USA and Brazil in 2017. The most important conclusions of the proposal for a directive on the promotion of renewable energy sources in transport in EU member states in years 2021–2030 are discussed. The authors have also indicated the key legal and territorial conditions associated with the development of electromobility and present basic information on electric vehicles in Poland and Europe. The results of the research on the attractiveness of these sectors in 2018 are presented and compared with the results obtained in years 2007–2017. A score-based sector attractiveness method was used in the research.

scholarly journals Renewable Energy Sources in Transport on the Example of Methyl Esters and Bioethanol

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Kupczyk ◽  
Joanna Mączyńska-Sęczek ◽  
Ewa Golisz ◽  
Piotr F. Borowski
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Production Structure ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Production Potential

The aim of this article is to show how the situation of domestic biofuels in Poland and the alternative fuels sector is changing. On the basis of our own research and the available literature, changes in the production potential of Poland in the field of alternative fuels/biofuels are examined. Moreover, the reasons for changes in the production structure are analyzed. The flexibility of production potential to changes in legal conditions is assessed, and the value of sectors and their future are determined. This paper discusses legal and market aspects related to selected renewable energy sources used in Polish transport. Based on a review of literature and statistical data, the production and use of methyl esters and bioethanol are characterized in detail. Analysis of legal regulations enables the presentation of targets regarding renewable energy source (RES) use in transport by 2030. The results of studies conducted in 2020 are discussed with regard to the value (attractiveness) of methyl esters, bioethanol, electromobility and liquid bio-hydrocarbons, and these are compared and contrasted with the result from earlier years since 2010.

scholarly journals EXPERIENCE OF FORMING OF ENERGY AUTONOMY IN RURAL AREAS: ASSESSING THE ROLE OF COOPERATIVES

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-40
Author(s):  
Inna HONCHARUK
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Successful Operation ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Energy Autonomy

The publication addresses climate change issues caused by fossil fuel emissions. It is established that the rate of increase of the air temperature in Ukraine is ahead of the world tendencies, as a result of which in Ukraine the widespread of droughts, an increase in land areas prone to desertification is probable. The effect of increasing the share of alternative fuels in total energy production on reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the world has been investigated. The volume of electricity consumption by household and non-household consumers and the price increase for them are analyzed; population of Ukraine and employment status of rural population. It is proposed to solve the problems of reducing the burden of payment for energy resources and creating new jobs in rural areas through the creation of energy cooperatives. The concept of "energy cooperative" is defined and economic models of energy cooperatives that can be applied by Ukrainian territorial communities and economic structures to ensure energy autonomy are proposed. The article analyzes the experience of setting up and operating energy cooperatives in the EU Member States, the USA and other countries of the world on the following grounds: field of activity; the form of ownership; sources of financing; social effect and others. Examples of successful operation and emergence of energy cooperatives in Ukrainian communities are provided, which provide energy autonomy for individual agricultural enterprises and community residents through the production of fuel from agricultural and forestry waste; launching a solar or wind power plant that sells electricity to the grid at a “green” rate; biogas production from biomass; production and use of solar water heaters and the like. The author's vision of the main directions of development of economic decarbonisation is formulated.

scholarly journals The seeds of green energy: Expanding the contribution of plant oils as biofuels

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Ohlrogge ◽  
Kent Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Plant Oils ◽  
Palm Trees ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Acyl Chains ◽  
The Eu

Plant oils represent one of the most energyrich sources of renewable fuels available in Nature. Most of these oils occur in the form of triacylglycerols (TAGs) that can be transformed into biodiesel by conversion of their acyl chains into fatty acid methyl esters. In 2009, 14 billion litres of biodiesel were produced worldwide from plant oils (largely in the EU). This compares with 70 billion litres of ethanol (largely from Brazil and the USA). Both of these fuels now depend on land and crops (e.g. oil seeds, palm trees, maize and sugar cane) that are also used for foods. To meet growing demand and avoid competition with food, major expansion of biofuel production and development of new sources of biofuel are required. In this article, we outline how plants synthesize oils and describe some ways in which supplies of oils from plants could be increased to provide a larger contribution to renewable energy supplies.

Polityka klimatyczno-energetyczna Unii Europejskiej

2014 ◽  
pp. 104-121
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Kułaga
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Climate Protection ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Climate And Energy Policy

The article is devoted to the subject of the goals of the climate and energy policy of the European Union, which can have both a positive, and a negative impact on the environmental and energy policies. Positive aspects are the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, diversification of energy supplies, which should improve Europe independence from energy imports, and increasing the share of renewable energy sources (RES) in the national energy system structures. On the other hand, overly ambitious targets and actions can lead to large losses for the economies of EU Member States. The article also highlights the realities prevailing in the international arena and noncompliance of international actors with global agreements on climate protection.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Sustainable Energy Development Progress in EU Member States in the Context of Building Renovation

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4209
Author(s):  
Rita Remeikienė ◽  
Ligita Gasparėnienė ◽  
Aleksandra Fedajev ◽  
Marek Szarucki ◽  
Marija Đekić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Investment Efficiency ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Energy Usage ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Eu

The main goal of setting energy efficiency priorities is to find ways to reduce energy consumption without harming consumers and the environment. The renovation of buildings can be considered one of the main aspects of energy efficiency in the European Union (EU). In the EU, only 5% of the renovation projects have been able to yield energy-saving at the deep renovation level. No other study has thus far ranked the EU member states according to achieved results in terms of increased usage in renewable sources, a decrease in energy usage and import, and reduction in harmful gas emissions due to energy usage. The main purpose of this article is to perform a comparative analysis of EU economies according to selected indicators related to the usage of renewable resources, energy efficiency, and emissions of harmful gasses as a result of energy usage. The methodological contribution of our study is related to developing a complex and robust research method for investment efficiency assessment allowing the study of three groups of indicators related to the usage of renewable energy sources, energy efficiency, and ecological aspects of energy. It was based on the PROMETHEE II method and allows testing it in other time periods, as well as modifying it for research purposes. The EU member states were categorized by such criteria as energy from renewables and biofuels, final energy consumption from renewables and biofuels, gross electricity generation from renewables and biofuels and import dependency, and usage of renewables and biofuels for heating and cooling. The results of energy per unit of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Greenhouse gasses (GHG) emissions per million inhabitants (ECO2), energy per capita, the share of CO2 emissions from public electricity, and heat production from total CO2 emissions revealed that Latvia, Sweden, Portugal, Croatia, Austria, Lithuania, Romania, Denmark, and Finland are the nine most advanced countries in the area under consideration. In the group of the most advanced countries, energy consumption from renewables and biofuels is higher than the EU average.

scholarly journals Decarbonization in Shipping Industry: A Review of Research, Technology Development, and Innovation Proposals

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 415
Author(s):  
George Mallouppas ◽  
Elias Ar. Yfantis
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Research Technology

This review paper examines the possible pathways and possible technologies available that will help the shipping sector achieve the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) deep decarbonization targets by 2050. There has been increased interest from important stakeholders regarding deep decarbonization, evidenced by market surveys conducted by Shell and Deloitte. However, deep decarbonization will require financial incentives and policies at an international and regional level given the maritime sector’s ~3% contribution to green house gas (GHG) emissions. The review paper, based on research articles and grey literature, discusses technoeconomic problems and/or benefits for technologies that will help the shipping sector achieve the IMO’s targets. The review presents a discussion on the recent literature regarding alternative fuels (nuclear, hydrogen, ammonia, methanol), renewable energy sources (biofuels, wind, solar), the maturity of technologies (fuel cells, internal combustion engines) as well as technical and operational strategies to reduce fuel consumption for new and existing ships (slow steaming, cleaning and coating, waste heat recovery, hull and propeller design). The IMO’s 2050 targets will be achieved via radical technology shift together with the aid of social pressure, financial incentives, regulatory and legislative reforms at the local, regional and international level.

scholarly journals Processing Of Neem And Jatropha Methyl Esters –Alternative Fuels From Vegetable Oil

2017 ◽  
Vol 183 ◽  
pp. 012036
Author(s):  
S Ramasubramanian ◽  
S Manavalan ◽  
C Gnanavel ◽  
G Balakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Methyl Esters

scholarly journals Military and Political Integration of the Scandinavian Countries in the European Security Architecture after the Second World War

2017 ◽  
pp. 39-52
Author(s):  
Valerii Pavlenko
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Political Integration ◽  
Security Architecture ◽  
European Security ◽  
Close Link ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The North ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Military

The Article examines the military and political integration of Scandinavia in the European security architecture after 1945 and analyzes the historical experience of the countries of the North Europe in the late 1940s-1960s in the security space issues. Particular attention is paid to the close link between the military and political rapprochement with the processes of the economic, technological and political integration in the Western European region. It is emphasized that the economic basis of common interests encourages the EU member states all the time to seek peaceful means to resolve possible disputes. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of alternative approaches to the European security that the North European countries have used in their foreign policy. The role and place of these countries in the sphere of the European security during the late 1940s-1960s was determined. The influence of the USA and the USSR on the formation of the foreign policy of the Scandinavian countries, especially the pressure of the Soviet Union on Finland in its attempts to get a neutral state status, has been shown. The reasons for the failure to implement the military and political cooperation projects in the form of the Scandinavian Defense Alliance have been revealed.

scholarly journals Biodiesel, a ochrona środowiska

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 351-356
Author(s):  
Marlena Owczuk
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Engine Emissions ◽  
The World

The development of the automotive industry in the world causes high environmental degradation, the main source of this degradation is engine emissions. It is necessary to introduce biofuels prepared from renewable energy sources to the market due to the limited reserve of crude oil and environmental protection. Appropriate new modifications in law regulations have been prepared in European Union. Introducing alternative fuels can reduce the emissions of harmful gases and also decrease the level of pollutions in the environment.

scholarly journals FRANCHISING AGREEMENT UNDER THE LEGISLATION OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
pp. 33-37
Author(s):  
Oleksii Kucherenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Government Regulation ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Relevant Market ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
Local Levels

The article is devoted to the topical issue of studying the foreign experience of legal regulation of the franchise agreement. The author emphasizes that there is no comprehensive full-fledged regulation of the franchise agreement either in the national legislation of individual EU member states or at the international level. The article focuses on the franchisor's obligation to enter into an agreement to provide future franchisees with information about doing business under the franchise system, including the basic conditions of the franchise, data on the number of franchisees in the network, its growth, financial performance, etc. The experience of legal regulation of a franchise agreement in such foreign countries as the USA, Great Britain, Italy, Germany, Spain, Estonia, Lithuania, Australia, etc. is considered. The duality of the legal regulation of franchising at the federal and local levels, as well as the prevalence of the most favorable rules for franchisors (USA) is demonstrated. The author focuses on the experience of the institute of self-regulation of franchising and the establishment of appropriate criteria for franchise companies in the absence of government regulation (Britain). The need to adopt a single institutional law in the field of franchising and to enshrine in it all the key terms used in franchising: the actual franchise agreement, know-how, entrance fee, royalties (periodic payments for the use of intellectual property), the franchisor's goods (Italy). It is expedient to establish a provision on mandatory pre-contractual disclosure of information, according to which the counterparty is provided with information on experience, company experience, prospects for the development of the relevant market, duration of the agreement, terms of renewal or termination of contractual relations (France).

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