scholarly journals Rumex japonicus Houtt. Ethanol Extract and Its Active Component on Prevention of Dyslipidemia and Hyperglycemia in Diet-Induced C57BL/6J Obese Mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 2247
Author(s):  
Eun-Young Kwon ◽  
Mi Yu ◽  
Je Woo ◽  
Su-Jung Cho ◽  
Aki Yamano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Active Component ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Plasma Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Rumex Japonicus

Obesity is a continuous chronic metabolic disorder and has adverse effects on health, such as dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance. This study evaluated whether Rumex japonicus Houtt. ethanol extract (RU) and its active component nepodin (NE) affect obesity and its related complications, such as dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed obese mice. The NE and RU supplements did not produce significant differences in body weight and adipose tissue weight compared to HFD group, while plasma lipid profiles were only improved by the RU supplement. However, both the NE and RU supplement had beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance through reduction of plasma free fatty acid (FFA) (p < 0.05), insulin (p < 0.05), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (p < 0.05), and C-peptide (p < 0.05) levels. In particular, the RU supplement decreased the area under the curve (AUC) of intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) (p < 0.05), and improved glucose intolerance. Taken together, NE and RU supplements can contribute to improvements in HFD-induced hyperglycemia, while dyslipidemia was only improved by the RU supplement.

scholarly journals Studies of insulin resistance in patients with clinical and subclinical hyperthyroidism

2010 ◽  
Vol 163 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eirini Maratou ◽  
Dimitrios J Hadjidakis ◽  
Melpomeni Peppa ◽  
Maria Alevizaki ◽  
Katerina Tsegka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Glucose Transport ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Subclinical Hyperthyroidism

ObjectiveAlthough clinical hyperthyroidism (HR) is associated with insulin resistance, the information on insulin action in subclinical hyperthyroidism (SHR) is limited.Design and methodsTo investigate this, we assessed the sensitivity of glucose metabolism to insulinin vivo(by an oral glucose tolerance test) andin vitro(by measuring insulin-stimulated rates of glucose transport in isolated monocytes) in 12 euthyroid subjects (EU), 16 patients with HR, and 10 patients with SHR.ResultsHR and SHR patients displayed higher postprandial glucose levels (area under the curve, AUC0–30032 190±1067 and 31 497±716 mg/dl min respectively) versus EU (27 119±1156 mg/dl min,P<0.05). HR but not SHR patients displayed higher postprandial insulin levels (AUC0–30011 020±985 and 9565±904 mU/l min respectively) compared with EU subjects (AUC0–3007588±743 mU/l min,P<0.05). Homeostasis model assessment index was increased in HR and SHR patients (2.81±0.3 and 2.43±0.38 respectively) compared with EU subjects (1.27±0.16,P<0.05), while Matsuda and Belfiore indices were decreased in HR (4.21±0.41 and 0.77±0.05 respectively,P<0.001) and SHR patients (4.47±0.33 and 0.85±0.05 respectively,P<0.05 versus EU (7.76±0.87 and 1 respectively). At 100 μU/ml insulin, i) GLUT3 levels on the monocyte plasma membrane were increased in HR (468.8±7 mean fluorescence intensity (MFI)) and SHR patients (522.2±25 MFI) compared with EU subjects (407±18 MFI,P<0.01 andP<0.05 respectively), ii) glucose transport rates in monocytes (increases from baseline) were decreased in HR patients (37.8±5%) versus EU subjects (61.26±10%,P<0.05).ConclusionsInsulin-stimulated glucose transport in isolated monocytes of patients with HR was decreased compared with EU subjects. Insulin resistance was comparable in patients with both HR and SHR.

scholarly journals O Papel da Hemoglobina A1c no Rastreio de Intolerância à Glicose e da Diabetes Tipo 2 em Crianças e Adolescentes Obesos

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Júlia Galhardo ◽  
Julian Shield
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Screening Tool ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Glycated Haemoglobin ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Receiver Operator Characteristic ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Homeostasis Model Assessment ◽  
Characteristic Analysis ◽  
Receiver Operator Characteristic Analysis

<strong>Introduction:</strong> In 2012, an international expert committee in diabetes wrote in favor of screening adult and paediatric patients for glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes using glycated haemoglobin. The aim of this study was to evaluate glycated haemoglobin utility as a screening tool in a young obese mainly Caucasian population.<br /><strong>Material and Methods:</strong> Children [(n = 266), body mass index z-score 3.35 ± 0.59, 90% Caucasian 90%, 55% female, median age 12.3 (range: 8.9 - 17.6) years old] recently referred to a tertiary hospital-based obesity clinic underwent a routine oral glicose tolerance test and glycated haemoglobin measurement. Exclusion criteria: abnormal forms of haemoglobin and conditions linked to increased erythrocyte turnover.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The oral glicose tolerance test diagnosed 13 (4.9%) subjects as prediabetic but none as diabetic. According to glycated haemoglobin, 32 would be prediabetic (29 false positives) and one would be diabetic (when he was only glucose intolerant). On the other hand, 10 prediabetic patients would not have been identified (false negatives). Glycated haemoglobin receiver operator characteristic analysis area under the curve was 0.59 (CI 95% 0.40 - 0.78), confirming its reduced capacity to identify prediabetes. Better results were achieved when calculating receiver operator characteristic analysis area under the curve for fasting glucose (0.76;<br />CI 95% 0.66 - 0.87), homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (0.77; CI 95% 0.64 - 0.90) and triglycerides:HDL cholesterol ratio (0.81; CI 95% 0.66 - 0.96).<br /><strong>Discussion:</strong> In Paediatric populations, especially when mainly Caucasian, glycated haemoglobin does not seem to be a useful<br />screening tool for prediabetes.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> For this reason, it would appear premature to advise it as a diagnostic tool until significantly more data is available. Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance and triglycerides: HDL cholesterol have higher precision and can be calculated using a fasting blood sample.

scholarly journals Hepatic insulin clearance is increased in patients with high HbA1c type 2 diabetes: a preliminary report

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e001149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsuyoshi Okura ◽  
Yohei Fujioka ◽  
Risa Nakamura ◽  
Mari Anno ◽  
Yuichi Ito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Gene Polymorphism ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Insulin Clearance ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
High Hba1c ◽  
Hepatic Insulin Clearance

IntroductionHepatic insulin clearance (HIC) is an important pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. HIC was reported to decrease in patients with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. However, hyperglycemia was suggested to enhance HIC, and it is not known whether poorly controlled diabetes increases HIC in patients with type 2 diabetes. We investigated whether HIC was increased in patients with poorly controlled diabetes, and whether HIC was associated with insulin resistance and incretins.Research design and methodsWe performed a meal tolerance test and the hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamp in 21 patients with type 2 diabetes. We calculated the postprandial C-peptide area under the curve (AUC)-to-insulin AUC ratio as the HIC; measured fasting and postprandial glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon levels and analyzed serum adiponectin and zinc transporter-8 (ZnT8) gene polymorphism.ResultsThe HIC significantly correlated with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (r_S=0.58, p<0.01). In patients with high HIC above the median of 6.5, the mean HbA1c was significantly higher compared with low HIC below the median. Homeostatic model assessment (HOMA)-beta (r_S=−0.77, p<0.01) and HOMA-IR (r_S=−0.66, p<0.005) were correlated with HIC. The M/I value in the clamp study was correlated with HIC. GLP-1-AUC and GIP-AUC were not correlated with HIC. Glucagon-AUC was negatively correlated with HIC, but there were no significant differences between the high and low HIC groups. Adiponectin was positively correlated with HIC. The ZnT8 gene polymorphism did not affect HIC.ConclusionsThese results suggest that HIC was increased in patients with high HbA1c type 2 diabetes, low insulin secretion, low insulin resistance and high adiponectin conditions.

scholarly journals Studies of insulin resistance in patients with clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism

2009 ◽  
Vol 160 (5) ◽  
pp. 785-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eirini Maratou ◽  
Dimitrios J Hadjidakis ◽  
Anastasios Kollias ◽  
Katerina Tsegka ◽  
Melpomeni Peppa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Glucose Transport ◽  
Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Increased Risk

ObjectiveAlthough clinical hypothyroidism (HO) is associated with insulin resistance, there is no information on insulin action in subclinical hypothyroidism (SHO).Design and methodsTo investigate this, we assessed the sensitivity of glucose metabolism to insulin both in vivo (by an oral glucose tolerance test) and in vitro (by measuring insulin-stimulated rates of glucose transport in isolated monocytes with flow cytometry) in 21 euthyroid subjects (EU), 12 patients with HO, and 13 patients with SHO.ResultsAll three groups had comparable plasma glucose levels, with the HO and SHO having higher plasma insulin than the EU (P<0.05). Homeostasis model assessment index was increased in HO (1.97±0.22) and SHO (1.99±0.13) versus EU (1.27±0.16, P<0.05), while Matsuda index was decreased in HO (3.89±0.36) and SHO (4.26±0.48) versus EU (7.76±0.87, P<0.001), suggesting insulin resistance in both fasting and post-glucose state. At 100 μU/ml insulin: i) GLUT4 levels on the monocyte plasma membrane were decreased in both HO (215±19 mean fluorescence intensity, MFI) and SHO (218±24 MFI) versus EU (270±25 MFI, P=0.03 and 0.04 respectively), and ii) glucose transport rates in monocytes from HO (481±30 MFI) and SHO (462±19 MFI) were decreased versus EU (571±15 MFI, P=0.04 and 0.004 respectively).ConclusionsIn patients with HO and SHO: i) insulin resistance was comparable; ii) insulin-stimulated rates of glucose transport in isolated monocytes were decreased due to impaired translocation of GLUT4 glucose transporters on the plasma membrane; iii) these findings could justify the increased risk for insulin resistance-associated disorders, such as cardiovascular disease, observed in patients with HO or SHO.

scholarly journals Association between Serum Mg2+ Concentrations and Cardiovascular Organ Damage in a Cohort of Adult Subjects

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elettra Mancuso ◽  
Maria Perticone ◽  
Rosangela Spiga ◽  
Carolina Averta ◽  
Mariangela Rubino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Intima Media Thickness ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Increased Risk

Magnesium (Mg2+) levels are associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We evaluated the clinical utility of physiological Mg2+ in assessing subclinical cardiovascular organ damage including increased carotid artery intima- media thickness (c-IMT) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) in a cohort of well-characterized adult non-diabetic individuals. Age- and gender-adjusted correlations between Mg2+ and metabolic parameters showed that Mg2+ circulating levels were correlated negatively with body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose, and 2h-oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) glucose. Similarly, Mg2+ levels were significantly and negatively related to c-IMT and LVMI. A multivariate regression analysis revealed that age (β = 0.440; p < 0.0001), BMI (β = 0.225; p < 0.0001), and Mg2+ concentration (β = −0.122; p < 0.01) were independently associated with c-IMT. Age (β = 0.244; p = 0.012), Mg2+ (β = −0.177; p = 0.019), and diastolic blood pressure (β = 0.184; p = 0.038) were significantly associated with LVMI in women, while age (β = 0.211; p = 0.019), Mg2+ (β = −0.171; p = 0.038) and the homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (β = −0.211; p = 0.041) were the sole variables associated with LVMI in men. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that the assessment of Mg2+ as part of the initial work-up might help unravel the presence of subclinical organ damage in subjects at increased risk of cardiovascular complications.

scholarly journals Use of Blood Lipid Indicators as a Screening Tool of Insulin Resistance among Individuals in Low-Income Country Sides of China: A Multiethnic Region Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Yi-Zhong Yan ◽  
Jia-Ning Fan ◽  
Jia-Ming Liu ◽  
Yun-hua Hu ◽  
Jiao-Long Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Screening Tool ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Blood Lipid ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Model Assessment

Objective. This study is aimed at evaluating the diagnostic value of blood lipid indicators (BLIs) for insulin resistance (IR) among major ethnic groups in Xinjiang, China, to identify the most valuable indicators and appropriate cut-off points for each ethnic group and to lay the foundation for the early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of metabolic diseases in remote rural areas. Methods. Overall, 418 Uygurs, 331 Kazakhs, and 220 Hans were randomly included in our study. The homeostasis model assessment was the gold standard for identifying IR. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic value, and the nomogram was utilized to analyze the predictive value. The size of the area under the curve (AUC) reflected the accuracy of screening and prediction. Results. Differences in races were observed in terms of IR and BLIs, and the Kazakhs had the highest IR level at 5.27 mmol/L. The correlation between IR and BLIs differed among the three races. For the Kazakhs and Hans, all BLIs, except total cholesterol (TC), were correlated to IR. However, for the Uygurs, only the triglyceride (TG) level, TG/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio, and TC/HDL-C ratio were associated with IR. After further adjustment of confounding factors, these indicators were still correlated to IR. BLIs that independently correlated to IR in the three nationalities had a certain diagnostic value for IR. In terms of the AUC size, the TG level was the highest in Uygurs, the TG/HDL-C ratio was the highest for Kazakhs and Hans, and the corresponding best cut-off points for IR were 1.515, 1.230, and 1.495 mmol/L, respectively. In addition, for each race, when the indicators with a certain diagnostic value were combined, the diagnostic value for IR was higher. Conclusion. BLIs had a certain diagnostic value for IR and could be used as a screening tool for IR among Uygurs, Kazakhs, and Hans in Xinjiang. These findings are extremely important for the prevention and treatment of IR and metabolic diseases in remote rural areas.

Analysis of candidate genes in Polish families with obesity

2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Malgorzata Malczewska-Malec ◽  
Iwona Wybranska ◽  
Iwona Leszczynska-Golabek ◽  
Lukasz Partyka ◽  
Jadwiga Hartwich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

AbstractThis study analyzes the relationship between risk factors related to overweight/obesity, insulin resistance, lipid tolerance, hypertension, endothelial function and genetic polymorphisms associated with: i) appetite regulation (leptin, melanocortin-3-receptor (MCR-3), dopamine receptor 2 (D2R)); ii) adipocyte differentiation and insulin sensitivity (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γThe 122 members of 40 obese Caucasian families from southern Poland participated in the study. The genotypes were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) or by direct sequencing. Phenotypes related to obesity (body mass index (BMI), fat/lean body mass composition, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)), fasting lipids, glucose, leptin and insulin, as well as insulin during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (4 points within 2 hours) and during oral lipid tolerance test (OLTT) (5 points within 8 hours) were assessed. The insulin sensitivity indexes: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, whole body insulin sensitivity index, hepatic insulin sensitivity and early secretory response to an oral glucose load (HOMA-IR, ISI-COMP, ISI-HOMA and DELTA) were calculated.The single gene mutations such as CWe conclude that the polymorphisms we investigated were weakly correlated with obesity but significantly modified the risk factors of the metabolic syndrome.

scholarly journals The Effect of Tianmai Xiaoke Pian on Insulin Resistance through PI3-K/AKT Signal Pathway

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nana Wang ◽  
Tiegang Li ◽  
Ping Han
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Signal Pathway ◽  
Chromium Picolinate ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Insulin Sensitizer ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus

In the clinical setting, given the potential adverse effects of thiazolidinediones and biguanides, we often have difficulty in treatment that no other insulin sensitizers are available for use in type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) patients. Tianmai Xiaoke Pian (TMXKP) is a traditional Chinese medicine tablet, which is comprised of chromium picolinate, Tianhuafen, Maidong, and Wuweizi. To understand its mechanism of action on insulin resistance, TMXKP (50 mg/kg orally) was tested in T2DM rats (induced by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin). Eight weeks later, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were performed. Area under the curve (AUC) and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated, and PI3-K/AKT signal pathway-related genes and proteins were tested by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analysis in muscle, adipose, and liver tissues, respectively. TMXKP significantly reduced FBG, OGTT, AUC, and HOMA-IR in diabetic ratsP<0.05. Furthermore, we also observed that TMXKP could significantly decreaseIRS-1,IRS-2,PI3-K p85α, andAKT2gene expression and also IRS-1, IRS-2, PI3-K, AKT2, and p-AKT2 protein expression levelsP<0.05in diabetic rats. These findings confirm that TMXKP can alleviate insulin resistance in T2DM rats through the PI3K/AKT pathway. Thus TMXKP appears to be a promising insulin sensitizer.

scholarly journals Association of the +45T>G and +276G>T polymorphisms in the adiponectin gene with insulin resistance in nondiabetic Greek women

2009 ◽  
Vol 161 (6) ◽  
pp. 845-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Labros Melistas ◽  
Christos S Mantzoros ◽  
Meropi Kontogianni ◽  
Smaragdi Antonopoulou ◽  
Jose M Ordovas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Snp Analysis ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Adiponectin Gene ◽  
Lipid Levels ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Hmw Adiponectin

ObjectiveWe explored potential associations of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ; +45T>G, rs2241766 and +276G>T, rs1501299) with circulating total and high-molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin, insulin resistance (IR), and markers of obesity in a healthy Greek female population.Design and methodsThe two SNPs were genotyped in 349 women without diabetes (mean age: 47.0±12.1 years, mean body mass index: 28.9±5.6 kg/m2). Total and HMW adiponectin concentrations, body composition variables, IR parameters, and plasma lipid levels were determined.ResultsIn single SNP analysis adjusting for several potential confounders, SNP +276G>T was associated with higher fasting insulin levels (P=0.01) and higher homeostasis model assessment index for IR (HOMA-IR; P=0.009), and SNP +45T>G was associated with lower insulin levels and HOMA-IR (P=0.05 and P=0.07 respectively). No association with total or HMW adiponectin, plasma lipid levels, and body composition variables was observed; however, haplotype analysis revealed that subjects homozygous for the most common +45T/+276G haplotype had lower total adiponectin levels than did noncarriers of this haplotype (P=0.02). The observed differences in HOMA-IR were very significant among women with a higher body fat (BF) percentage (≥ the population median of 41%; all P≤0.005), but not among leaner individuals (P for interactions 0.01–0.07), thus suggesting that ADIPOQ effects on insulin sensitivity may depend upon BF status.ConclusionOur data suggest a significant role of ADIPOQ variants at positions +45 and +276 in the development of IR in healthy Greek women possibly through an interaction with BF.

scholarly journals Circulating obestatin levels and the ghrelin/obestatin ratio in obese women

2007 ◽  
Vol 157 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Vicennati ◽  
Silvia Genghini ◽  
Rosaria De Iasio ◽  
Francesca Pasqui ◽  
Uberto Pagotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Metabolic Parameters ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Glucose Levels

Objective: We measured blood levels of obestatin, total ghrelin, and the ghrelin/obestatin ratio and their relationship with anthropometric and metabolic parameters, adiponectin and insulin resistance, in overweight/obese and normal-weight women. Design: Outpatients Unit of Endocrinology of the S Orsola-Malpighi Hospital of Bologna, Italy. Methods: Fasting obestatin, ghrelin, adiponectin and lipid levels, fasting and glucose-stimulated oral glucose tolerance test insulin, and glucose levels were measured in 20 overweight/obese and 12 controls. The fasting ghrelin/obestatin ratio was calculated; the homeostasis model assessment-IR (HOMA-IR) and insulin sensitivity index (ISIcomposite) were calculated as indices of insulin resistance. Results: Obese women had higher obestatin and lower ghrelin blood levels, and a lower ghrelin/obestatin ratio compared with controls. In all subjects, obestatin was significantly and positively correlated with total cholesterol and triglycerides, but not with ghrelin, anthropometric, and metabolic parameters. In the obese women, however, obestatin and ghrelin concentrations were positively correlated. By contrast, the ghrelin/obestatin ratio was significantly and negatively correlated with body mass index, waist, waist-to-hip ratio, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR, and positively with ISIcomposite but not with adiponectin. None of these parameters were correlated with the ghrelin/obestatin ratio in the obese. Conclusions: Increased obestatin, decreased ghrelin levels, and a decreased ghrelin/obestatin ratio characterize obesity in women. This supports the hypothesis that the imbalance of ghrelin and obestatin may have a role in the pathophysiology of obesity. On the other hand, some relevant differences between our data on circulating levels of obestatin and the ghrelin/obestatin ratio in obese subjects and those reported in the few studies published so far imply that further research is needed.

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