scholarly journals New Candidate Multicomponent Chalcogenide Glasses for Supercontinuum Generation

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 2082 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Goncalves ◽  
Myungkoo Kang ◽  
Byoung-Uk Sohn ◽  
Gufan Yin ◽  
Juejun Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Property ◽  
Chalcogenide Glasses ◽  
Property Variation ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Property Data ◽  
Planar Film ◽  
Design Options ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Versus Film

Broadband supercontinuum (SC) generation requires host material attributes defined by both optical and physical properties and the material’s manufacturability. We review and define the trade-offs in these attributes as applied to fiber or planar film applications based on homogeneous glass property data, and provide a series of examples of how one might optimize such attributes through material compositional and morphology design. As an example, we highlight the role of varying composition, microstructure, and linear/nonlinear optical properties, such as transmittance, refractive index, and the multiphoton absorption coefficient, for a series of novel multicomponent chalcogenide glasses within a model GeSe2-As2Se3-PbSe (GAP-Se) system. We report key optical property variation as a function of composition and form, and discuss how such glasses, suitable for both fiber and planar film processing, could lend themselves as candidates for use in SC generation. We demonstrate the impact of starting glass composition and morphology and illustrate how tailoring composition and form (bulk versus film) leads to significant variation in linear, nonlinear, and dispersive optical property behavior within this system that enables design options that are attractive to optimization of desirable SC performance, based on optical composites.

Why Do Firms Participate in Voluntary Environmental Programs? A Meta-Analysis of the Role of Institutions, Resources, and Program Stringency

2021 ◽  
pp. 108602662199006
Author(s):  
Peter Tashman ◽  
Svetlana Flankova ◽  
Marc van Essen ◽  
Valentina Marano
Keyword(s):  
Quality Management ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Institutional Pressures ◽  
Environmental Programs ◽  
Voluntary Environmental Programs ◽  
Management Standards ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Impact

We meta-analyze research on why firms join voluntary environmental programs (VEPs) to assess the impact of program stringency, or the extent to which they have rigorous, enforceable standards on these decisions. Stringency creates trade-offs for firms by affecting programs’ effectiveness, legitimacy, and adoption costs. Most research considers singular programs and lacks cross program variation needed to analyze program stringency’s impact. Our meta-analysis addresses this by sampling 127 studies and 23 VEPs. We begin by identifying common institutional and resource-based drivers of participation in the literature, and then analyze how program stringency moderates their impacts. Our results suggest that strictly governed VEPs encourage participation among highly visible and profitable firms, and discourage it when informal institutional pressures are higher, and firms have prior experience with other VEPs or quality management standards. We demonstrate that VEP stringency has nuanced effects on firm participation based on the institutional and resource-based factors facing them.

scholarly journals A short history of ocean acidification science in the 20th century: a chemist's view

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 7411-7422 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Brewer
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chemical Knowledge ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Ph Scale ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. This review covers the development of ocean acidification science, with an emphasis on the creation of ocean chemical knowledge, through the course of the 20th century. This begins with the creation of the pH scale by Sørensen in 1909 and ends with the widespread knowledge of the impact of the "High CO2 Ocean" by then well underway as the trajectory along the IPCC scenario pathways continues. By mid-century the massive role of the ocean in absorbing fossil fuel CO2 was known to specialists, but not appreciated by the greater scientific community. By the end of the century the trade-offs between the beneficial role of the ocean in absorbing some 90% of all heat created, and the accumulation of some 50% of all fossil fuel CO2 emitted, and the impacts on marine life were becoming more clear. This paper documents the evolution of knowledge throughout this period.

scholarly journals Economic Resilience: What Role for Policies?

2016 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
pp. 1650009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aida Caldera Sánchez ◽  
Morten Rasmussen ◽  
Oliver Röhn
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Economic Resilience ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Shock Impact ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
The Impact

The global financial crisis highlighted the importance of strengthening the resilience of our economies to adverse shocks. In this paper, we take stock of studies carried out primarily within, but also outside the OECD, to better understand the role of macroeconomic and structural policies in spurring or mitigating the vulnerabilities that can lead to costly shocks, as well as the role of policies in mitigating the shock impact and speeding the recovery. Then we offer tentative insights on how policies can be geared to address vulnerabilities early on, mitigate the impact of shocks and speed recoveries, as well as highlight possible trade-offs that exist across policy areas.

scholarly journals Recommendation and context: the missing links for increased life cycle impact in large industries

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Rex ◽  
Niklas Fernqvist ◽  
Sven-Olof Ryding
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Information Barriers ◽  
Barriers And Enablers ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Large Production ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Purpose This study takes an open and explorative approach to investigating the impact, or lack of impact, of life cycle information on behaviours throughout large production companies. Based on cases where life cycle information has been provided, this paper analyses how life cycle information has been interpreted and acted upon—not only by the life cycle assessment (LCA) practitioner conducting the study but also by employees outside the environmental departments. Methods To understand the impact of life cycle information on everyday actions in organisations and how this impact can be enhanced, this study takes a grounded approach to following flows of life cycle information from the environmental department through other departments of an organisation. From the flows of information, the research team selected rich descriptions of empirical data that reflect action and inaction. Using interviews and documents, we collected barriers and enablers for acting on life cycle information. Barriers and enablers were interpreted and clustered into categories and arranged into concepts. Next, we reviewed the empirical data using theories from social psychology. Results and discussion The results show that it is difficult for life cycle information to result in subsequent action outside of environmental departments. The barriers to this action were partly due to the life cycle information per se such as gaps between what life cycle information is available and what life cycle information is needed. Barriers and enablers were also found in relation to the context in which life cycle information was applied and new behaviours were adopted, including timing and software structures, reward systems, trade-offs, and personal beliefs about the profession. The results suggest a new role of the life cycle proponent that includes providing the right life cycle information and understanding and influencing the expected agents’ situations. Conclusions Assisted by theories from social psychology, we found that behaviour can be changed if ‘recommendations’ and ‘contexts’ are considered when providing life cycle information. The paper suggests that the impact of life cycle information could increase if normative arguments about environmental visions, strategies, and overarching goals are aligned with enablers that focus on personal goals, such as meeting a deadline, reducing uncertainty, and reaching the threshold for a bonus.

scholarly journals A short history of ocean acidification science in the 20th century: a chemist's view

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 8715-8748 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Brewer
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chemical Knowledge ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Ph Scale ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. This review covers the development of ocean acidification science, with an emphasis on the creation of ocean chemical knowledge, through the course of the 20th century. This begins with the creation of the pH scale by Sørensen in 1909 and ends with the widespread knowledge of the impact of the "High CO2 Ocean" by then well underway as the trajectory along the IPCC scenario pathways continues. By mid-century the massive role of the ocean in absorbing fossil fuel CO2 was known to specialists, but not appreciated by the greater scientific community. By the end of the century the trade-offs between the beneficial role of the ocean in absorbing some 90% of all heat created, and the accumulation of some 50% of all fossil fuel CO2 emitted, and the impacts on marine life were becoming clear. This paper documents the evolution of knowledge throughout this period.

The Problem of Low and Uncertain Risks: Balancing Risks and Benefits

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-160
Author(s):  
Dirk Hudig
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Risks And Benefits ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Benefit Risk Assessment ◽  
Better Regulation ◽  
Smart Regulation ◽  
Assessment Techniques ◽  
The Impact

Both the Lisbon Treaty and the new Inter-Institutional Agreement strengthen the role of the European Parliament (EP) as co-legislator. At the same time, European Union (EU) officials increasingly recognise the need for broader acceptance of the principles and agreements of the Better (Smart) Regulation strategy, as proposed in an October 2010 Commission Communication. There is a need to make high quality risk management decisions in a more risk averse environment and a changed policy framework. Indeed, principles supporting better regulation have become more widely adopted by all EU institutions, notably with the Impact Assessment Board (IAB) of the European Commission, which now screens all new proposals. Due to the broad diffusion of these principles, risk assessment techniques have become more widely understood. This trend is particularly salient in four areas of application: (1) the on-going debate between regulating by hazard and regulating by risk; (2) a better understanding of the nature of risk/risk trade-offs, (3) use of benefit/risk assessment, and (4) the Commission Communication regarding the precautionary principle.

scholarly journals The Balancing Role of Distribution Speed against Varying Efficacy Levels of COVID-19 Vaccines under Variants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Kim ◽  
Pinar Keskinocak ◽  
Pelin Pekgun ◽  
Inci Yildirim
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
High Efficacy ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Vaccine Distribution ◽  
The Impact ◽  
D Model

Objective: Recent mutations in SARS-CoV-2 raised concerns about diminishing vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19 caused by particular variants. Even with a high initial efficacy, if a vaccine efficacy drops significantly against variants, or if it cannot be distributed quickly, it is uncertain whether the vaccine can provide better health outcomes than other vaccines. Hence, we evaluated the trade-offs between speed of distribution vs. efficacy of multiple vaccines when variants emerge. Methods: We utilized a Susceptible-Infected-Recovered-Deceased (SIR-D) model to simulate the impact of immunization using different vaccines with varying efficacies and assessed the level of infection attack rate (IAR) under different speeds of vaccine distribution. Results: We found that a vaccine with low efficacy both before and after variants may outperform a vaccine with high efficacy if the former can be distributed more quickly. Particularly, a vaccine with 65% and 60% efficacy before and after the variants, respectively, can outperform a vaccine with 95% and 90% efficacy, if its distribution is 46% to 48% faster (with the selected study parameters). Conclusions: Our results show that speed is a key factor to a successful immunization strategy to control the COVID-19 pandemic even when the emerging variants may reduce the efficacy of a vaccine.

scholarly journals PEACE AGREEMENTS OR PIECES OF PAPER? THE IMPACT OF UNSC RESOLUTION 1325 ON PEACE PROCESSES AND THEIR AGREEMENTS

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 941-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Bell ◽  
Catherine O'Rourke
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Women And Gender ◽  
Peace Negotiations ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Peace Agreements ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact

AbstractOn the 31 October 2000 UNSC Resolution 1325 was adopted. The resolution provided for a range of measures aimed at the inclusion of women in the prevention, management and resolution of conflict. In particular, several of the resolution's provisions addressed the role of women and gender in peace negotiations and agreements. This article examines whether and how Resolution 1325 has impacted on the drafting of peace agreements. We analyse explicit references to women and gender in peace agreements from 1990 to 2010, providing a quantitative and qualitative assessment of the extent to which women and gender are addressed. We conclude by using our findings and analysis to address the relationship of feminist intervention to international law, and debates around the strategies and trade-offs which underlie feminist promotion and use of UN Security Council Resolutions in particular.

Domestic sources of alliances and alignments: the case of Egypt, 1962–73

1991 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael N. Barnett ◽  
Jack S. Levy
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Alliance Formation ◽  
External Threats ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
External Threat ◽  
The Government ◽  
Domestic Instability ◽  
The Impact

The theoretical and empirical literature on international alliances has tended to support the realist view that the pursuit or tightening of external alignments stems predominantly from external security threats. Consequently, the role of domestic factors has generally been ignored or downplayed. This article begins with the observation that leaders confronted with external threats make trade-offs between the pursuit of external alignments and the mobilization of domestic resources. It then argues that the choice of strategy depends on a combination of systemic and domestic factors, including the perceived degree of external threat to state security, the perceived degree of domestic instability and threat to the government, and the constraints that derive from the domestic political economy. The analysis of Egypt's alignment behavior during the period from 1962 to 1973 underscores the impact of domestic and economic political constraints on the choice of domestic mobilization or alliance formation and the central role of alliances in providing resources for confronting domestic as well as foreign threats.

DOES STRONGER R&D CAPABILITY ALWAYS PROMOTE BETTER INNOVATION? THE MODERATING ROLE OF KNOWLEDGE BOUNDARY SPANNING OF R&D NETWORK

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (07) ◽  
pp. 1850059 ◽  
Author(s):  
YANHUI JIANG ◽  
CHONGYANG WEI ◽  
ZHI YANG ◽  
ULAGANATHAN SUBRAMANIAN
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Spanning ◽  
Innovation Performance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Innovation Strategies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moderating Role

Setting the research background in China, this study draws on absorptive capacity, knowledge inertia and prospect theory to show the relationship between R&D capability and innovation performance which comprises exploitation and exploration. We propose that stronger R&D capability promotes exploitation performance but inhibits exploration performance. As exploitation represents immediate interest and exploration represents long-term interest, we introduce the notion of knowledge boundary spanning of R&D network to balance short-term and long-term benefits. The empirical results show that R&D capability and knowledge boundary spanning of R&D network complement each other for explorative innovation while they present trade-offs for exploitative innovation. This study contributes to existing literature on R&D capability–innovation performance, and it further extends our understanding by investigating the impact of knowledge boundary spanning of R&D network on the R&D capacity–innovation performance relationships. In addition, this study provides references on resources configuration to achieve different innovation strategies.

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