scholarly journals Activation Process of ONU in EPON/GPON/XG-PON/NG-PON2 Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas Horvath ◽  
Petr Munster ◽  
Vaclav Oujezsky ◽  
Josef Vojtech
Keyword(s):  
Optical Networks ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Numerical Implementation ◽  
Activation Time ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
Reduction Time ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Transmission Parameters ◽  
Split Ratio ◽  
Frame Duration

This article presents a numerical implementation of the activation process for gigabit and 10 gigabit next generation and Ethernet passive optical networks. The specifications are completely different because GPON, XG-PON and NG-PON2 were developed by the International Telecommunication Union, whereas Ethernet PON was developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. The speed of an activation process is the most important in a blackout scenario because end optical units have a timer after expiration transmission parameters are discarded. Proper implementation of an activation process is crucial for eliminating inadvisable delay. An OLT chassis is dedicated to several GPON (or other standard) cards. Each card has up to eight or 16 GPON ports. Furthermore, one GPON port can operate with up to 64/128 ONUs. Our results indicate a shorter duration activation process (due to a shorter frame duration) in Ethernet-based PON, but the maximum split ratio is only 1:32 instead of up to 1:64/128 for gigabit PON and newer standards. An optimization improves the reduction time for the GPON activation process with current PLOAM messages and with no changes in the transmission convergence layer. We reduced the activation time from 215 ms to 145 ms for 64 ONUs.

scholarly journals Passive optical networks and FTTx : technology and solutions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Souheil Kneifati
Keyword(s):  
Optical Networks ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Optical Network ◽  
Passive Optical Network ◽  
End User ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
High Bandwidth ◽  
Voice Data

Competition for delivering high-bandwidth "multi-play" services (video, voice, data) is on constant increase. Advanced service delivery requires a higher bandwidth pipe to the end user through passive optical network (PON) technologies. The two major PON standards GPON is an International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) and EPON is a standard developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). This project compares and looks at the choices and challenges service providers face as they bring new PON technology possibilities to their customers and analyze these two standards in terms of their performance, physical properties, implementation and testing requirements. It also discusses the evolution paths for each of the standards and the challenges for such evolution. The final chapter will include the conclusions, some final thoughts, suggestions and recommendations for new projects implementation.

scholarly journals Novel Algorithm in Activation Process of GPON Networks

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas Horvath ◽  
Petr Munster ◽  
Michal Jurcik ◽  
Miloslav Filka
Keyword(s):  
Optical Networks ◽  
Optical Network ◽  
Passive Optical Network ◽  
Frame Structure ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Activation Time ◽  
Current Algorithm ◽  
Economical Aspect ◽  
Novel Algorithms ◽  
Novel Algorithm

Passive optical networks are dominating access networksaround the world due to its their economical aspect, bandwidth, and penetration. It is necessary to deal with specification of these networks. The article deals with a transmission convergence layer of a Gigabit passive optical network, especially the activation process for ONUs. When the blackout affects all ONUs in the network, all ONUs need to be resynchronized with OLT but the current algorithm affects that for higher value of ONUs synchronization after a couple of minutes. We proposed a novel algorithm for an ONU activation time with the same frame structure and state machine, which are defined in the main specification. We verified the proposed algorithm by simulation and compare results for the current and novel algorithms. Ourresults confirm that it is possible to achieve the better time up to nineteen times lower synchronization time in comparison with the current algorithm.

scholarly journals Passive optical networks and FTTx : technology and solutions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Souheil Kneifati
Keyword(s):  
Optical Networks ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Optical Network ◽  
Passive Optical Network ◽  
End User ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
High Bandwidth ◽  
Voice Data

Competition for delivering high-bandwidth "multi-play" services (video, voice, data) is on constant increase. Advanced service delivery requires a higher bandwidth pipe to the end user through passive optical network (PON) technologies. The two major PON standards GPON is an International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) and EPON is a standard developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). This project compares and looks at the choices and challenges service providers face as they bring new PON technology possibilities to their customers and analyze these two standards in terms of their performance, physical properties, implementation and testing requirements. It also discusses the evolution paths for each of the standards and the challenges for such evolution. The final chapter will include the conclusions, some final thoughts, suggestions and recommendations for new projects implementation.

scholarly journals New Security Improvements in Next-Generation Passive Optical Networks Stage 2

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (20) ◽  
pp. 4430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vlastimil Clupek ◽  
Tomas Horvath ◽  
Petr Munster ◽  
Vaclav Oujezsky
Keyword(s):  
Optical Networks ◽  
Nonvolatile Memory ◽  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Passive Optical Networks ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Transmission Method ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
Verification Methods ◽  
Upstream Direction

Passive optical networks are currently the most promising solution for access networks. These networks rely on broadcast signal distribution in the downstream direction and unicast signal transmission in the upstream direction. The upstream direction is controlled by optical line termination (OLT). The broadcast transmission method increases security vulnerability because the attacker is able to connect his/her modified optical network unit (ONU) to the free port of the splitter (commonly in the basement). We present the concept for the activation process of ONUs based on physical unclonable function (PUF) for next-generation passive optical networks stage 2 (NG-PON2). The use of PUF increases security in the NG-PON2. Furthermore, the registration identifier (ID) is not stored in a nonvolatile memory, in comparison with the common solution defined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) recommendation G.989.3. An attacker cannot perform a reverse engineering attack to obtain the registration ID. For this reason, the attacker cannot clone an ONU. We proposed security improvements that involve authentication, encryption, integrity protection, and data origin verification methods in the NG-PON2. Our model uses the standard implementation of the transmission convergence layer of NG-PON2 with the new physical layer operations, administration, and maintenance (PLOAM) messages. The recommendation G.989.3 allows specifying own PLOAM messages since not all IDs are used in the current specification.

scholarly journals GPON PLOAMd Message Analysis Using Supervised Neural Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (22) ◽  
pp. 8139
Author(s):  
Adrian Tomasov ◽  
Martin Holik ◽  
Vaclav Oujezsky ◽  
Tomas Horvath ◽  
Petr Munster
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Optical Networks ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Neural Network Models ◽  
Telecommunication Sector ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Different Types

This paper discusses the possibility of analyzing the orchestration protocol used in gigabit-capable passive optical networks (GPONs). Considering the fact that a GPON is defined by the International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication sector (ITU-T) as a set of recommendations, implementation across device vendors might exhibit few differences, which complicates analysis of such protocols. Therefore, machine learning techniques are used (e.g., neural networks) to evaluate differences in GPONs among various device vendors. As a result, this paper compares three neural network models based on different types of recurrent cells and discusses their suitability for such analysis.

scholarly journals DWDM over FSO under the effect of different atmospheric attenuations

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 1089
Author(s):  
Heyam Maraha ◽  
Kameran Ali Ameen ◽  
Ozlam Abdulhakeem Mahmood ◽  
Aras Aldawoodi
Keyword(s):  
Optical Networks ◽  
Wavelength Division Multiplexing ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
Eye Diagram ◽  
Wavelength Division ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Space Optics ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
Quality Factor Q

<p><span>In optical networks, Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) has been considered as a promising technique to meet the increasing bandwidth demands. It has been used to increase the capacity of long-haul optical transport systems such as free-space optics (FSO) and optical fiber. However, by applying DWDM over the FSO link, different challenges affect the performance system such as clear air, haze and rain atmospheric attenuations. This paper investigates eleven-channel DWDM over FSO based on the electrical linear equalizer that will improve the performance results at the receiver. The channels operate over (1561.42 nm, 1559.79 nm, 1558.17 nm, 1558.55 nm, 1554.94 nm, 1553.33 nm, 1551.72 nm, 1550.12 nm, 1548.51 nm, 1546.92 and 1545.32 nm) wavelengths that have separated based on the traditional International Telecommunication Union (ITU) grid. In the experiments, the system transmits 110 Gbit/s for FSO distances 9500 m, 3000 m, and 2500 m in superbly clear air, haze, and heavy haze atmospheric attenuations, respectively. Over different atmospheric attenuations, we evaluated our system performance using BER, eye diagram and the quality factor (Q-Factor). </span></p>

scholarly journals The graph neural networking challenge

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
José Suárez-Varela ◽  
Miquel Ferriol-Galmés ◽  
Albert López ◽  
Paul Almasan ◽  
Guillermo Bernárdez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Computer Networks ◽  
Real World ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Educational Resources ◽  
Global Competition ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Broad Audience

During the last decade, Machine Learning (ML) has increasingly become a hot topic in the field of Computer Networks and is expected to be gradually adopted for a plethora of control, monitoring and management tasks in real-world deployments. This poses the need to count on new generations of students, researchers and practitioners with a solid background in ML applied to networks. During 2020, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has organized the "ITU AI/ML in 5G challenge", an open global competition that has introduced to a broad audience some of the current main challenges in ML for networks. This large-scale initiative has gathered 23 different challenges proposed by network operators, equipment manufacturers and academia, and has attracted a total of 1300+ participants from 60+ countries. This paper narrates our experience organizing one of the proposed challenges: the "Graph Neural Networking Challenge 2020". We describe the problem presented to participants, the tools and resources provided, some organization aspects and participation statistics, an outline of the top-3 awarded solutions, and a summary with some lessons learned during all this journey. As a result, this challenge leaves a curated set of educational resources openly available to anyone interested in the topic.

scholarly journals A line-of-sight channel model for the 100–450 gigahertz frequency band

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joonas Kokkoniemi ◽  
Janne Lehtomäki ◽  
Markku Juntti
Keyword(s):  
Channel Model ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Absorption Loss ◽  
Radio Communication ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Actual Response

AbstractThis paper documents a simple parametric polynomial line-of-sight channel model for 100–450 GHz band. The band comprises two popular beyond fifth generation (B5G) frequency bands, namely, the D band (110–170 GHz) and the low-THz band (around 275–325 GHz). The main focus herein is to derive a simple, compact, and accurate molecular absorption loss model for the 100–450 GHz band. The derived model relies on simple absorption line shape functions that are fitted to the actual response given by complex but exact database approach. The model is also reducible for particular sub-bands within the full range of 100–450 GHz, further simplifying the absorption loss estimate. The proposed model is shown to be very accurate by benchmarking it against the exact response and the similar models given by International Telecommunication Union Radio Communication Sector. The loss is shown to be within ±2 dBs from the exact response for one kilometer link in highly humid environment. Therefore, its accuracy is even much better in the case of usually considered shorter range future B5G wireless systems.

Abstract TP361: Stroke Alert Outcomes Impacted by Nurse Activated Stroke Alert

Stroke ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh Allen ◽  
Jennifer Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Activation Time ◽  
Comfort Care ◽  
Discharge Disposition ◽  
Physician Time ◽  
Activation Criteria

Purpose: Decrease time from emergency department (ED) arrival to stroke activation and time from ED arrival to ED physician. Background: Delay to stroke alert may lead to a delay in administration of IV thrombolysis. In reviewing our facility’s ED stroke alert data a difference was noted in ED MD arrival time and stroke alert time between patients arriving by emergency medical service (EMS) versus private operated vehicle (POV).In 2015 stroke alert patients that arrived by EMS - median arrival to ED physician time was 5 minutes with median arrival to stroke alert time was 11 minutes; for patients that arrived by POV - median arrival to ED MD time was 16 minutes with median arrival to stroke activation time was 22 minutes. At our rural facility it had historically been an ED physician driven stroke alert process, after reviewing this data we sought to go to an ED nurse led stroke alert process. Methods: Nurse led stroke alert criteria were developed. Activation criteria included specific signs and symptoms of stroke and last known well/seen normal within 4 hours. ED nurses were educated on the new activation process during shift huddles prior to implementation Feb 2016. Results: For Feb-July 2016 stroke activation patients that arrived by EMS - median arrival to ED MD time decreased to 5 minutes with median arrival to stroke alert time decreased to 3 minutes; for patients that arrived by POV - median arrival to ED MD time decreased to 8 minutes with median arrival to stroke alert time decreased to 11 minutes. Additional impact was indentified in the number of average monthly stroke activations - in 2015 there were 20 stroke activations per month compared to 38 for months from Feb -July 2016. Discharge disposition of ischemic stroke activation patients demonstrated changed. In 2015 45 % home, 40% IRF/SNF, and 15% expired/comfort care; compared to Feb - July 2016 63% home, 29% IRF/SNF, and 8% expired/comfort care. Relative reduction of 46% in expired/comfort care. Conclusions: Nurse led stroke activation had a positive impact not only in decreasing the time to stroke activation and time of ED MD to the bedside for both EMS and POV patients but also decreased mortality and increased patients discharged home for patients with ischemic stroke.

THE ROLE OF HARMONIZATION OF ACTIVITIES TO IMPROVE THE RATING OF RUSSIA IN THE INTERNATIONAL STATISTICAL COMPARISONS IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND ICT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Н.П. РЕЗНИКОВА ◽  
Г.С. АРТЕМЬЕВА ◽  
Д.В. КАЛЮГА
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Ict Development ◽  
The Impact

Представлены основные направления для поиска путей улучшения рейтинга Российской Федерации в международных статистических сопоставлениях в сфере электросвязи/ИКТ с учетом необходимости гармонизации разнообразных направлений деятельности, связанных с оценкой влияния электросвязи/ИКТ на достижение Целей устойчивого развития, а также с появлением Нового индекса Международного союза электросвязи (МСЭ) взамен Индекса развития ИКТ(IDI). OThe main directions for finding ways to improve the rating of the Russian Federation in international statistical comparisons in the field of telecommunications/ICT are presented, taking into account the need to harmonize various activities related to assessing the impact of telecommunications/ICTs on achieving the sustainable development goals, as well as the advent of the new International Telecommunication Union Index instead of the ICT Development Index (IDI).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document