scholarly journals Analysis of the Relationship between Road Accidents and Psychophysical State of Drivers through Wearable Devices

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Studer ◽  
Valeria Paglino ◽  
Paolo Gandini ◽  
Andrea Stelitano ◽  
Ulderico Triboli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Wearable Devices ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
Black Spots ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Accident Rates ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

A driver’s behavior and their psychophysical state are the most common causes of road accidents. The research presented in the paper proposes a method that allows the identification of highly dangerous road stretches/intersections in advance, based on the localization of stressful/relaxing situations measured on drivers. These were measured through the collection of physiological parameters using wearable devices. A correlation between stressful/relaxing situations and locations with high accident rates, based on a historical statistical database (black spots), was investigated. A series of driving tests was conducted in the city of Milan. The first set was mostly oriented to the research and validation of the parameters related to the driver’s psychophysical state. Subsequent tests allowed the definition of a correlation between black spots and relaxing/stressful areas. The results showed that the most stressful areas for drivers fell mainly within those with high accident rates. Furthermore, 80% of the most dangerous zones of the route were identified using this method, thus confirming the validity of the approach as a support tool for a priori preventive analysis for road safety. The wearable devices allowed the study and the integration of specific elements relating to human behavior in the field of road safety, which typically involves a technical-engineering approach.

Subject of Economic Science

2015 ◽  
pp. 115-120
Author(s):  
D. Egorov
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Classical Theory ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Wealth Of Nations ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

Adam Smith defined economics as “the science of the nature and causes of the wealth of nations” (implicitly appealing – in reference to the “wealth” – to the “value”). Neo-classical theory views it as a science “which studies human behavior in terms of the relationship between the objectives and the limited funds that may have a different use of”. The main reason that turns the neo-classical theory (that serves as the now prevailing economic mainstream) into a tool for manipulation of the public consciousness is the lack of measure (elimination of the “value”). Even though the neo-classical definition of the subject of economics does not contain an explicit rejection of objective measures the reference to “human behavior” inevitably implies methodological subjectivism. This makes it necessary to adopt a principle of equilibrium: if you can not objectively (using a solid measurement) compare different states of the system, we can only postulate the existence of an equilibrium point to which the system tends. Neo-classical postulate of equilibrium can not explain the situation non-equilibrium. As a result, the neo-classical theory fails in matching microeconomics to macroeconomics. Moreover, a denial of the category “value” serves as a theoretical basis and an ideological prerequisite of now flourishing manipulative financial technologies. The author believes in the following two principal definitions: (1) economics is a science that studies the economic system, i.e. a system that creates and recombines value; (2) value is a measure of cost of the object. In our opinion, the value is the information cost measure. It should be added that a disclosure of the nature of this category is not an obligatory prerequisite of its introduction: methodologically, it is quite correct to postulate it a priori. The author concludes that the proposed definitions open the way not only to solve the problem of the measurement in economics, but also to address the issue of harmonizing macro- and microeconomics.

scholarly journals Identification of Road Accident by using Black Spot Method Between Panthaghati to Dhalli Road

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 723-728
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Road Accident ◽  
Road Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
The Road ◽  
Black Spots

In India road accidents are very serious problem because of large population and high traffic density of vehicles. Most of the road accidents occur mainly due to the negligence of driver and poor infrastructure only a few accidents occur due to the technical error of vehicles. The main purpose of this research paper is prevention of road traffic accidents and improvement of road safety in Shimla. Road safety is very important aspect of today’s life, so it is important that everybody should aware about road safety. To do this study a section of 12km length is chosen between Panthaghati to Dhalli in district Shimla on NH 5 where accidents black spots are identified for the section by analyzing secondary data used to prevent road accidents. In this study primary data is used for observing the road conditions and secondary data is used to find accidents black spot. Black Spot is a point or a place on the road where road accident occurs repeatedly one after another which is known as accident black spot. To identify these black spots we use weighted severity index (WSI) method. It is one the most reliable and effective method for determining the most proven accidents black spots. Shimla is a hilly area and it has narrow roads, blind curve and black spots which increase the chances of road traffic accidents. In past recent years road traffic accidents are increasing in Shimla and this study deals with identification of major issues causing road traffic accidents. This research paper helps to improve the road safety in Shimla because in this study the analysis has been done to identify the major problems responsible for gradually increasing road accidents. This research paper is also used in future research paper as reference purpose and it will also provide an overview to other researchers who want do their research on similar kind of topics.

scholarly journals Important risk factors for road accidents

2021 ◽  
Vol 264 ◽  
pp. 02025
Author(s):  
Dilshod Imamaliev ◽  
Aslidin Urakov ◽  
Muzrob Darabov ◽  
Ruzigul Sayfutdinova
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
The State ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Users ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Relationship

This article analyzes the relationship and influence of factors such as the population, the level of motorization, economic development, and the state of the state road network on the state of the risk of road accidents, including the level of mortality and road injuries, as well as the relevance of improving methods for assessing, managing and predicting the risk of accidents in road traffic. National indicators of the level of road deaths and injuries in different countries were studied. The relationship between road accidents and the level of motorization, income of the population, the state of the road network, and other indicators were revealed. The urgency of the problem of road accidents and the organization of measures to reduce the level of road accidents is emphasized. It also takes into account the special importance of forming conceptually new approaches to the task of improving the efficiency of public administration in the field of organization and maintenance of road traffic through the implementation of the Concept of Road Safety in the Republic of Uzbekistan for the period 2018-2022, which includes the following main directions: further improvement of the regulatory framework in the field of road safety, including significant strengthening of responsibility for gross violations of traffic rules; comprehensive improvement of road infrastructure, improving the quality of roads, creating reliable conditions for the safe movement of vehicles; improving the legal culture, the necessary knowledge, and skills of road users, strengthening their discipline.

John Stuart Mill's Method In Principle and Practice: A Review of the Evidence

1999 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Hollander ◽  
Sandra Peart
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
A Priori ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Actual Case ◽  
Apparent Position ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Sharp Criticism ◽  
The Relationship

Our concern is John Stuart Mill's methodological pronouncements, his actual practice, and the relationship between them. We argue that verification played a key role in Mill's method, both in principle and in practice. Our starting point is the celebrated declaration regarding verification in the essay On the Definition of Political Economy; and on the Method of Investigation Proper to It (1836/ 1967; hereafter Essay): “By the method à priori we mean … reasoning from an assumed hypothesis; which … is the essence of all science which admits of general reasoning at all. To verify the hypothesis itself à posteriori, that is, to examine whether the facts of any actual case are in accordance with it, is no part of the business of science at all, but of the application of science” (Mill 1836/1967, p. 325). The apparent position that the basic economic theory is impervious to predictive failure emerges also in a sharp criticism of the à posteriori method:

scholarly journals Development of Models for Express Analysis of Road Safety

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 528-538
Author(s):  
L. S. Abramova ◽  
H. H. Ptitsia ◽  
S. V. Kapinus ◽  
T. V. Kharchenko
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Prototype Model ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Accident Rate ◽  
Safety Level ◽  
The Road ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Express Analysis ◽  
Accident Rates ◽  
The Relationship

Results of a study of an actual scientific and technical problem of determining the road safety level on road sections are presented in the paper. The aim of the study is to develop an express method for assessing road safety based on improving the method of the final accident rate by reducing the partial accident rate with the required accuracy of determining the safety level on public roads. The formalization of the relationship between the parameters of road traffic conditions has been carried out to study the level of safety on highways. Latent factors of the parameters of traffic conditions have been obtained on the basis of reduction of their aggregate by the method of principal components, taking into account the relationship of partial accident rates. This condition has allowed to develop analytical models for determining road safety for implementation in the practice of conducting a road safety audit. A method for identifying hazardous areas on highways has been proposed in the paper. It includes 11 parameters of road conditions out of 18 partial accident rates proposed in the prototype and regulatory documents of Ukraine. The adequacy of the model is determined by deviation values of the obtained data according to the prototype model from the values of the relative accident rate, which were 3.22 and 18.61, respectively. The proposed model reduces the deviation value by six times and affects the accuracy of determining the safety level. Experimental studies have been conducted on 79 km of highways (on 385 sectors with constant values of traffic conditions parameters). The results of a comparative analysis of the safety level for the prototype model and the developed model have been identical and shown a decrease in time and labor costs by 1.6 times without loss of accuracy. Thus, the developed methodology is recommended to be applied for determining the potential danger of road sections during an express analysis of the road safety or when conducting a safety audit at various stages of the road life cycle.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a Fatigue Detector Using Eye Closure-Associated Indicators Acquired from Truck Drivers in a Simulator Study

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 6449
Author(s):  
Łukasz Dziuda ◽  
Paulina Baran ◽  
Piotr Zieliński ◽  
Krzysztof Murawski ◽  
Mariusz Dziwosz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Truck Drivers ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Subjective Fatigue ◽  
Closure Duration ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Eye Closure ◽  
The Relationship

This paper presents a camera-based prototype sensor for detecting fatigue and drowsiness in drivers, which are common causes of road accidents. The evaluation of the detector operation involved eight professional truck drivers, who drove the truck simulator twice—i.e., when they were rested and drowsy. The Fatigue Symptoms Scales (FSS) questionnaire was used to assess subjectively perceived levels of fatigue, whereas the percentage of eye closure time (PERCLOS), eye closure duration (ECD), and frequency of eye closure (FEC) were selected as eye closure-associated fatigue indicators, determined from the images of drivers’ faces captured by the sensor. Three alternative models for subjective fatigue were used to analyse the relationship between the raw score of the FSS questionnaire, and the eye closure-associated indicators were estimated. The results revealed that, in relation to the subjective assessment of fatigue, PERCLOS is a significant predictor of the changes observed in individual subjects during the performance of tasks, while ECD reflects the individual differences in subjective fatigue occurred both between drivers and in individual drivers between the ‘rested’ and ‘drowsy’ experimental conditions well. No relationship between the FEC index and the FSS state scale was found.

On the Relationship Between Method and the Object of Study When Studying Religion

Numen ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 131-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron David Warner
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cautionary Note ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Contextual Study ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract If a discipline is defined by the object of its study, then the definition of the object of study has a priori paramount importance. Studies of the evolution of the study of religion show that researchers have been unable to escape their own socio-political contexts. I begin with a brief consideration of the evolution of superstition as a means to gain perspective on the evolution of the study of religion and definitions of religion and as a cautionary note to both the contextual study of religion and the cognitive-evolutionary (ce) study of religion. I then continue with an overview of our conference, “Researching Religion: Methodological Debates in Anthropology and the Study of Religion,” at Aarhus University, and the seven articles published in this special double issue of Numen. Taken together, they reflect and address an international rupture between the contextual and the ce study of religion, and point towards productive avenues for future research.

scholarly journals The analysis of safety on the polish roads between 2001 and 2016

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 20-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Jaśkiewicz ◽  
Jacek Jaskólski
Keyword(s):  
Road Accidents ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
Accident Rates ◽  
The Impact

This article uses statistics on road accidents in Poland from police and GUS (Central Statistical Office) data. The most common causes of road accidents are presented. Graphically presented accident rates both for the whole country and for every voivodeship separetely in the years 2001-2016. Analysis of the impact of the changes in traffic code on safety on public roads in Poland was made as well as the most and least safe voivodeship.

EFFECTIVE APPROACH TO DETECTING ROADS FOR PRIORITY PLANNING FOR ROAD SAFETY MEASURES

2019 ◽  
pp. 52-57
Author(s):  
Liydmila Nagrebelna ◽  
Olga Belenchuk ◽  
Oleksii Petrashenko
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Safety Management ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Road Accident ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Black Spots

The basic approaches for identifying dangerous road sections for prioritizing road safety measures are outlined. The effectiveness of the result depends on how well the areas where the road safety measures need to be implemented are identified. Suggestions for identifying dangerous places on the roads according to the statistics of traffic accidents using the methods of probability theory are given. On the basis of the analysis of statistics on roads with different number of adventures, limit values of the admissible number of adventures on sections of roads of different length are established. It is proved that it is necessary to create a comprehensive approach to solving a complex problem – improving road safety. Оne of the important approaches for the definition of dangerous road sections according to the data of road accidents, which is proposed by the authors, is the method of detection of sections (places) of concentration of road accidents (black spots). The purpose of this article is to: introduce an approach in road safety management to reduce the number of road accidents and the severity of their consequences on Ukraine’s highways by first implementing measures to improve road conditions and improve road organization. The effectiveness of the result in reducing the number of traffic accidents depends on the areas so clearly identified that, in the first place, it is necessary to implement measures to improve road safety. That is why this approach was introduced in traffic safety management. The purposeful financing of measures, aimed primarily at eliminating such sites, will help to reduce the number of road accidents and the severity of their consequences. Keywords: road safety, methods of analysis, dangerous road sections, place of concentration of road accidents, black spots, road accident.

Effects of a Priori Liking on the Elicitation of Mimicry

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 412-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariëlle Stel ◽  
Rick B. van Baaren ◽  
Jim Blascovich ◽  
Eric van Dijk ◽  
Cade McCall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
The Relationship

Mimicry and prosocial feelings are generally thought to be positively related. However, the conditions under which mimicry and liking are related largely remain unspecified. We advance this specification by examining the relationship between mimicry and liking more thoroughly. In two experiments, we manipulated an individual’s a priori liking for another and investigated whether it influenced mimicry of that person. Our experiments demonstrate that in the presence of a reason to like a target, automatic mimicry is increased. However, mimicry did not decrease when disliking a target. These studies provide further evidence of a link between mimicry and liking and extend previous research by showing that a certain level of mimicry even occurs when mimicry behavior is inconsistent with one’s goals or motivations.

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