scholarly journals Advanced Technologies for the Optimization of Internal Combustion Engines

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 10842
Author(s):  
Cinzia Tornatore ◽  
Luca Marchitto
Keyword(s):  
Real Options ◽  
Market Share ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Entire Range ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Ic Engine ◽  
Advanced Technologies

Even in a scenario where electric vehicles gain market share and the sale of internal combustion engines is gradually reduced, at the present time, there are still no real options that can totally replace the internal combustion (IC) engine over the entire range of its applications [...]

scholarly journals Impact on the environment and on human health of internal combustion, hybrid and battery electric powered vehicles in a life cycle perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 312 ◽  
pp. 07011
Author(s):  
Francesco Di Maria ◽  
Daniela Cesari ◽  
Federico Sisani
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Life Cycle Perspective ◽  
Italian Context

Different power trained passenger cars were compared in a life cycle perspective (LCA) considering the Italian context for the year 2019. Main findings shows that battery electric vehicles, based on the current Italian energy mix, have the lower global warming emissions about 0.1 kgCO2eq/km. Lower particulate emissions of about 5x10-4 kgPM2,5eq/km and impact on human health about 7x10-7/km DALY were detected for petrol hybrid electric vehicles. Lower photochemical emissions of about 5x10-4 kgNMVOCeq/km were found for gasoline internal combustion engines vehicles.

scholarly journals The suitability of internal combustion engine sounds as artificial warning sounds for electric and hybrid vehicles

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 271-280
Author(s):  
Ivan Bolkovac ◽  
Marko Horvat ◽  
Kristian Jambrošić ◽  
Hrvoje Domitrović
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Hybrid Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Modes Of Operation ◽  
Vehicle Type ◽  
Preliminary Examination

The paper discusses the issue of adding artificial warning sounds to hybrid and fully electric vehicles, in order to increase traffic safety by making these vehicles audible at low speeds. The goal of this modification is to enable the pedestrians to perceive possible danger coming from such a vehicle in time to respond accordingly. Following the results of previous research which state that the sounds of internal combustion engines are valid candidates for artificial warning sounds to be added to hybrid or fully electric vehicles, a preliminary examination of the suitability and acceptability of different engine sounds in various modes of operation has been conducted. The chosen modes of operation are running in idle, at 2000 rpm and 3000 rpm with the vehicle stopped. Both gasoline and diesel engines were investigated. To expand the range of engine sounds, the type of vehicles was not limited to personal cars. The results show significant differences in suitability of engine sounds for the stated purpose, with vehicle type being the main differentiating factor.

scholarly journals Why we should invest further in the development of internal combustion engines for road applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luka Lešnik ◽  
Breda Kegl ◽  
Eloísa Torres-Jiménez ◽  
Fernando Cruz-Peragón
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Battery Capacity

The majority of on-road vehicles today are powered by internal combustion engines, which are, in most cases, burning petroleum-derived liquid fuels mixed with bio-components. The power to weight ratio of internal combustion engines combined with the high energy content of conventional fuels, which can be refilled easily in matter of minutes, makes them ideal for all kinds of road transportation. Since the introduction of EURO emissions norms, the emissions from the Transport sector in the European Union have undergone significant reduction. There are several alternatives to fossil fuels with similar properties, which can replace their usage in the Transport sector. The main focus of research in recent decades has been on biofuels, which can be produced from several sources. The production of biofuels is usually energy more intensive than production of fossil fuels, but their usage can contribute to emission reduction in the Transport sector. In recent years, a lot of effort was also put into promotion of electric vehicles as zero emissions vehicles. This statement should be reconsidered, since the greenhouse impact of electrical vehicles is not negligible. Conversely, in some cases, an electrical vehicle can have an even higher emission impact than modern vehicles with sophisticated internal combustion engines. This is characteristic for countries where the majority of the electricity is produced in coal power plants. With the decrease of greenhouse gas emissions in the Electricity Production sector, and with the increase of battery capacity, the role of electric vehicles in the Transport sector will probably increase. Despite significant research and financial investments in electric vehicles development, the transport sector in near future will be mostly powered by internal combustion engines and petroleum-derived liquid fuels. The amount of pollution from transport sector will be further regulated with stricter emission norms combined with smaller amount of alternative fuel usage.

scholarly journals Method for Determining Volumetric Efficiency and Its Experimental Validation

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-17
Author(s):  
Andrzej Ambrozik ◽  
Dariusz Kurczyński ◽  
Piotr Łagowski
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Thermodynamic System ◽  
Volumetric Efficiency ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Operating Cycle ◽  
Ic Engine ◽  
Amount Of Substance

Abstract Modern means of transport are basically powered by piston internal combustion engines. Increasingly rigorous demands are placed on IC engines in order to minimise the detrimental impact they have on the natural environment. That stimulates the development of research on piston internal combustion engines. The research involves experimental and theoretical investigations carried out using computer technologies. While being filled, the cylinder is considered to be an open thermodynamic system, in which non-stationary processes occur. To make calculations of thermodynamic parameters of the engine operating cycle, based on the comparison of cycles, it is necessary to know the mean constant value of cylinder pressure throughout this process. Because of the character of in-cylinder pressure pattern and difficulties in pressure experimental determination, in the present paper, a novel method for the determination of this quantity was presented. In the new approach, the iteration method was used. In the method developed for determining the volumetric efficiency, the following equations were employed: the law of conservation of the amount of substance, the first law of thermodynamics for open system, dependences for changes in the cylinder volume vs. the crankshaft rotation angle, and the state equation. The results of calculations performed with this method were validated by means of experimental investigations carried out for a selected engine at the engine test bench. A satisfactory congruence of computational and experimental results as regards determining the volumetric efficiency was obtained. The method for determining the volumetric efficiency presented in the paper can be used to investigate the processes taking place in the cylinder of an IC engine.

scholarly journals Impact of Replacing Conventional Cars with Electric Vehicles on UK Electricity Grid and Carbon Emissions

2021 ◽  
pp. 199-206
Author(s):  
George Milev ◽  
Amin Al-Habaibeh ◽  
Daniel Shin
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Electricity Grid ◽  
Electrical Grid ◽  
The Uk

AbstractThis paper estimated the effect of electric vehicle transition on UK road and how it impacts on electricity supply and the reduction of carbon emissions. It used a scenario in which all cars that utilise internal combustion engines will be replaced by EVs in the UK. The methodology is based on speculating the future number of EVs in Great Britain, which helped in estimating the amount of additional electricity usage that would be required for the scenario. The results revealed that approximately 81 TWh of additional electricity must be produced annually to compensate for such expansion of EV. With that increase in electricity generation, the levels of carbon emissions from the electrical grid will rise slightly, by about 8.6 million tonnes of carbon dioxide per year. Given that combustion vehicles contribute to about 42% of the carbon emissions from the transport sector in the UK, it is concluded that the total amount of CO2 in the country will decrease by approximately 12% of all cars with internal combustion engines are replaced by electric vehicles.

scholarly journals Electric vehicle vs. internal combustion car in the smart city concept

2018 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 65-76
Author(s):  
Adrian Śliwa
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Electro Mobility ◽  
Occupancy Rates

Replacing traditional internal combustion cars with electric vehicles is one of the most important aspects of the concept of electro-mobility which means environmentally friendly and clean transport. Such means of passenger transport logically fit in with the Smart City concept, as theoretically they could create opportunities for reducing traffic congestion and greenhouse gas emissions. The presented research results are an attempt to verify this hypothesis based on the opinions collected in a survey randomly conducted on users of two types of automobiles with electric and internal combustion engines. The results of the survey are not unambiguous since the development of electromobility is not supported by higher occupancy rates in electric cars and their more frequent use on short distances, but the argument for promoting them is their better operating and economic performance.

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