scholarly journals Botulinum Neurotoxins (BoNTs) and Their Biological, Pharmacological, and Toxicological Issues: A Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 8849
Author(s):  
Massimo Corsalini ◽  
Francesco Inchingolo ◽  
Gianna Dipalma ◽  
Angelika Elzbieta Wegierska ◽  
Ioannis Alexandros Charitos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Pharmacological Action ◽  
Botulinum Toxins ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Wound Botulism ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Release Of Acetylcholine ◽  
Botulinum Neurotoxins ◽  
Human Poisoning

Botulinum toxins or neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most potent neurotoxins known, and are currently extensively studied, not only for their potential lethality, but also for their possible therapeutic and cosmetic uses. Currently, seven types of antigenically distinct toxins are known and characterized, produced by a rod-shaped bacterium, Clostridium botulinum. Human poisoning by botulism (presenting with severe neuromuscular paralytic disease) is usually caused by toxins A, B, E, and F type. Poisoning from contaminated food preparations is the most common cause of noniatrogenic botulism. The spores are highly resistant to heat but are easily destroyed at 80 °C for thirty minutes. Type A and B toxins are resistant to digestion by the enzymes of the gastrointestinal system. After their entry, BoNTs irreversibly bind to cholinergic nerve endings and block the release of acetylcholine from the synapses. In contrast, in wound botulism, the neurotoxin is instead product by the growth of C.botulium in infected tissues. The contamination by BoNT inhalation does not occur by a natural route but it is certainly the most dangerous. It can be caused by the dispersion of the botulinum toxin in the atmosphere in the form of an aerosol and therefore can be deliberately used for bioterrorist purposes (e.g., during CBRN (chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear) unconventional events). In addition, BoNTs are currently used to treat a variety of diseases or alleviate their symptoms, such as the onabotulinumtoxinA for migraine attacks and for cosmetic use. Indeed, this paper aims to report on updated knowledge of BoNTs, both their toxicological mechanisms and their pharmacological action.

Botulinum Toxin as a Biological Warfare Agent: Poisoning, Diagnosis and Countermeasures

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 865-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Pohanka
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biological Warfare ◽  
Actual Knowledge ◽  
Biological Warfare Agent ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Contaminated Food

Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum and some other relative species. It causes a lethal disease called botulism. It can enter the body via infections by Clostridium (e.g. wound and children botulism) or by direct contact with the toxin or eating contaminated food (food-borne botulism). Botulinum toxin is also considered as a relevant biological warfare agent with an expected high number of causalities when misused for bioterrorist or military purposes. The current paper surveys the actual knowledge about botulinum toxin pathogenesis, the manifestation of poisoning, and current trends in diagnostics and therapeutics. Relevant and recent literature is summarized in this paper.

scholarly journals Botox – A New Weapon in a Dentist's Arsenal

2016 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
pp. 081-087
Author(s):  
Mitasha Sachdeva ◽  
Vinay Dua ◽  
Puneet Gupta ◽  
Gaurav Ahuja
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Temporomandibular Disorders ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Trade Name ◽  
Release Of Acetylcholine ◽  
Justinus Kerner ◽  
German Physician ◽  
Gummy Smile

AbstractBotulinum toxin was first used therapeutically by a German physician Justinus Kerner (1786-1862). Trade name BOTOX was given by Allergan, Inc, Irvine, Calif for treating strabismus, blepharospasm, and hemifacial spasm. It is neurotoxin derived from an anaerobic bacteria Clostridium botulinum. The toxin inhibits the release of acetylcholine (ACH), a neurotransmitter responsible for the activation of muscle contraction and its administration results in diminution of tone in the injected muscle. It has found a variety of uses in dentistry like treatment of gummy smile, masseteric hypertrophy, bruxism, temporomandibular disorders and so on. It is a minimally invasive and cosmetically effective method of treating several conditions with excessive muscle contraction.

scholarly journals Botulinum toxin – Know the product before injecting

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Gulhima Arora
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Botulinum Toxins ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Fda Approval ◽  
Static Water

Botulinum toxin for injection is a purified and diluted protein which is isolated from the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. It is one of the most potent toxins known to humankind. C. botulinum is an anaerobic Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium which is present naturally in soil, plants, static water bodies, and the gastrointestinal tract of mammals and aquatic life. Different formulations of botulinum toxins are available. FDA approval for these formulations varies. This article reviews these factors and the molecule, its mechanism of action, and other pharmacological aspects including dilutions for various indications.

Standardized Assay for Clostridium botulinum Toxins

1978 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward J Schantz ◽  
Donald A Kautter
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Sodium Acetate Buffer ◽  
Reference Standard ◽  
Botulinum Toxins ◽  
Laboratory Mice ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Specific Antisera

Abstract To improve the accuracy and precision of the mouse assay for botulinum toxins found in foods and body fluids, a stable reference standard of botulinum toxin has been developed. It contains 100 ng crystalline type A botulinum toxin/ml 0.05M pH 4.2 sodium acetate buffer which contains 3 mg bovine serum albumin and 2 mg gelatin/ml. The albumin and gelatin stabilize the toxin. For distribution to laboratories carrying out the assay, 0.5 ml of the standard is sealed in 1 ml glass vials. The standard reference toxin, used as directed, enables the assayer to establish the response of laboratory mice, under a specific set of conditions, to a definite amount of toxin and to express the toxin content of an unknown in terms of ng toxin/g or ml food or body fluid. The mouse assay by itself is not specific for botulinum toxin, but when used in conjunction with specific antisera for identification and typing, it is the most reliable test available.

“Micro Botulinum Toxin” for the Treatment of a Deep Dermal Burn After Single IPL and a Second Combined IPL/Nd: YAG Laser Treatment for Skin Rejuvenation and Discoloration

2021 ◽  
pp. 074880682110128
Author(s):  
Karen Soika
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Autonomic Nerves ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Facial Flushing ◽  
Skin Rejuvenation ◽  
Aesthetic Medicine ◽  
Calcitonin Gene ◽  
Release Of Acetylcholine ◽  
Neuromuscular Conditions

Botulinum toxin (BTX) is a neurotoxin derived from the Clostridium botulinum bacterium that inhibits the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. Botox is not new, and it has been used for many years to treat a variety of muscular/neuromuscular conditions and now more popularly for cosmetic use. Botulinum toxins use has been experimented in some dermatological conditions, which include Rosacea and facial flushing treatment with positive outcomes. The complex mechanism underlying those results is not completely understood but was proposed that a release inhibition of acetylcholine from peripheral autonomic nerves of the cutaneous vasodilatory system combined with the blockade of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), thus modulating vasodilatation of blood vessels as the likely mechanism of action. In cosmetic and aesthetic medicine, thermal burns from laser-type treatments are the number 1 lawsuit in this field. However, seldom are reports shared on management of these patient’s burns. This is a case report of such a patient who had a deep dermal burn after 2 consecutive treatments for the goal of correcting skin discoloration and sun damage.

scholarly journals Botulinum Toxin in Pediatric Neurology

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 2333794X1559014
Author(s):  
Eman M. I. Moawad ◽  
Enas Abdallah Ali Abdallah
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Botulinum Neurotoxin ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Presynaptic Membrane ◽  
Pain Syndromes ◽  
Release Of Acetylcholine ◽  
Botulinum Neurotoxins ◽  
Neurological Conditions ◽  
Spore Forming Bacteria

Botulinum neurotoxins are natural molecules produced by anaerobic spore-forming bacteria called Clostradium boltulinum. The toxin has a peculiar mechanism of action by preventing the release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic membrane. Consequently, it has been used in the treatment of various neurological conditions related to muscle hyperactivity and/or spasticity. Also, it has an impact on the autonomic nervous system by acting on smooth muscle, leading to its use in the management of pain syndromes. The use of botulinum toxin in children separate from adults has received very little attention in the literature. This review presents the current data on the use of botulinum neurotoxin to treat various neurological disorders in children.

In vitro and in vivo Assessment of Silver Nanoparticles Against Clostridium botulinum Type A Botulinum

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Aminianfar ◽  
Siavash Parvardeh ◽  
Mohsen Soleimani
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Type A ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Nano Silver

Background: Clostridium botulinum causes botulism, a serious paralytic illness that results from the ingestion of a botulinum toxin. Because silver nanoparticle products exhibit strong antimicrobial activity, applications for silver nanoparticles in healthcare have expanded. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to assess a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of botulism toxicity using silver nanoparticles. Methods: A preliminary test was conducted using doses that produce illness in laboratory animals to determine the absolute lethal dose (LD100) of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) in mice. Next, the test animals were divided into six groups containing six mice each. Groups I, II and III were the negative control (botulinum toxin only), positive control-1 (nano-silver only) and positive control-2 (no treatment), respectively. The remaining groups were allocated to the toxin that was supplemented with three nano-silver treatments. Results: The mortality rates of mice caused by BoNT/A significantly reduced in the treatment groups with different doses and injection intervals of nano-silver when compared to the negative control group. BoNT/A toxicity induced by intraperitoneal injection of the toxin of Clostridium botulinum causes rapid death while when coupled with nano-osilver results in delayed death in mice. Conclusion: These results, while open to future improvement, represent a preliminary step towards the satisfactory control of BoNT/A with the use of silver nanoparticles for human protection against this bioterrorism threat. Further study in this area can elucidate the underlying mechanism for detoxifying BoNT/A by silver nanoparticles.

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