scholarly journals Optimal Configuration with Capacity Analysis of PV-Plus-BESS for Behind-the-Meter Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 7851
Author(s):  
Cheng-Yu Peng ◽  
Cheng-Chien Kuo ◽  
Chih-Ta Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Capacity Allocation ◽  
Electricity Price ◽  
System Capacity ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Benefit Evaluation ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Battery Energy Storage Systems ◽  
Battery Energy ◽  
The Cost

As the cost of photovoltaic (PV) systems and battery energy storage systems (BESS) decreases, PV-plus-BESS applied to behind-the-meter (BTM) market has grown rapidly in recent years. With user time of use rates (TOU) for charging and discharging schedule, it can effectively reduce the electricity expense of users. This research uses the contract capacity of an actual industrial user of 7.5 MW as a research case, and simulates a PV/BESS techno-economic scheme through the HOMER Grid software. Under the condition that the electricity demand is met and the PV power generation is fully used, the aim is to find the most economical PV/BESS capacity allocation and optimal contract capacity scheme. According to the load demand and the electricity price, the analysis shows that the PV system capacity is 8.25 MWp, the BESS capacity is 1.25 MW/3.195 MWh, and the contract capacity can be reduced to 6 MW. The benefits for the economical solution are compared as follows: 20-year project benefit, levelized cost of energy (LCOE), the net present cost (NPC), the internal rate of return (IRR), the return on investment (ROI), discounted payback, total electricity savings, renewable fraction (RF), and the excess electricity fraction. Finally, the sensitivity analysis of the global horizontal irradiation, electricity price, key component cost, and real interest rate will be carried out with the most economical solution by analyzing the impacts and evaluating the economic evaluation indicators. The analysis method of this research can be applied to other utility users to program the economic benefit evaluation of PV/BESS, especially an example for Taiwan’s electricity prices at low levels in the world.

scholarly journals Energy Storage for 1500 V Photovoltaic Systems: A Comparative Reliability Analysis of DC- and AC-Coupling

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 3355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinkui He ◽  
Yongheng Yang ◽  
Dmitri Vinnikov
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Reliability Analysis ◽  
System Level ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Battery System ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Pv Inverter ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Battery Energy

There is an increasing demand in integrating energy storage with photovoltaic (PV) systems to provide more smoothed power and enhance the grid-friendliness of solar PV systems. To integrate battery energy storage systems (BESS) to an utility-scale 1500 V PV system, one of the key design considerations is the basic architecture selection between DC- and AC-coupling. Hence, it is necessary to assess the reliability of the power conversion units, which are not only the key system components, but also represent the most reliability-critical parts, in order to ensure an efficient and reliable 1500 V PV-battery system. Thus, this paper investigates the BESS solutions of DC- and AC-coupled configurations for 1500 V PV systems with a comparative reliability analysis. The reliability analysis is carried out through a case study on a 160 kW/1500 V PV-system integrated DC- or AC-coupled BESS for PV power smoothing and ramp-rate regulation. In the analysis, all of the DC-DC and DC-AC power interfacing converters are taken into consideration along with component-, converter-, and system-level reliability evaluation. The results reveal that the reliability of the 1500 V PV inverter can be enhanced with the DC-coupled BESS, while seen from the system-level reliability (i.e., a PV-battery system), both of the DC- and AC-coupled BESSs will affect the overall system reliability, especially for the DC-coupled case. The findings can be added into the design phase of 1500 V PV systems in a way to further lower the cost of energy.

Feasibility Assessment of a Grid-Connected Carbon-Neutral Community in Midland, Texas

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Archan Shah ◽  
Nicholas Engler ◽  
Moncef Krarti
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Electricity Price ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Energy Efficiency Measures ◽  
Efficiency Measures ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Carbon Neutral ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Midland, Texas is one of the fastest-growing urban population centers in the country and has one of the lowest costs of electricity. This study aims to assess the potential of a grid-connected carbon-neutral community in an oil-rich city using energy efficiency measures and hybrid distributed generation (DG) systems. The community consists mostly of residential buildings including detached homes and apartment buildings. Moreover, a cost-optimization analysis of various DG technologies is carried out to meet both electrical and thermal loads of the community in Midland. The energy efficiency measures are selected for two main objectives: (i) reduce the total energy needs and (ii) electrify most of the buildings within the community. Improvement of heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems and their controls are the main energy efficiency measures considered for all the buildings part of the community. DG systems are constrained by the renewable energy resources identified to be prevalent within the site of the community. It is found that photovoltaic (PV) systems are the most cost-effective, while wind and combined heat and power (CHP) would not be competitive compared to the current grid energy prices. Specifically, the optimization results indicate that PV, when implemented on a large scale, can provide adequate power to meet the energy needs of the community while also meeting carbon neutrality. A PV system size of 3400 kW is found to be required for the grid-connected community to be carbon neutral. While under this scenario a 100% reduction in carbon emissions is technically feasible, the cost of energy is estimated to be $0.194/kWh, almost double the current grid electricity price. However, if the capital cost of PV is decreased by 70% from its current level, the cost of energy due to the DG addition can be reduced significantly. In particular, a 1050-kW PV system was found to reduce the cost of energy below the grid electricity price of $0.10/kWh and achieves 31% reduction in carbon emissions for the community. Moreover, the 70% reduction in PV capital costs allows the carbon-neutral design for the community to be a cost-competitive solution with the grid.

scholarly journals Modeling, Analysis and Optimization of Grid-Integrated and Islanded Solar PV Systems for the Ethiopian Residential Sector: Considering an Emerging Utility Tariff Plan for 2021 and Beyond

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3360
Author(s):  
Tefera Mekonnen ◽  
Ramchandra Bhandari ◽  
Venkata Ramayya
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
Technical Performance ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
The Cost

Currently, difficulties such as the depletion of fossil fuel resources and the associated environmental pollution have driven the rise of other energy systems based on green energy sources. In this research, modeling and a viability study of grid-connected and islanded photovoltaic (PV) power systems for supplying the residential load in Mekelle City, Ethiopia, were carried out considering the country’s emerging utility tariff plan for 2021 and beyond. The technical viability of the proposed supply option was analyzed using PVGIS, PVWatts and HOMER Pro tool, while the economic and environmental optimization aspects were carried out using HOMER Pro. Sensitivity analyses and output comparisons among the three renewable energy simulation tools are presented. The results showed that under the consideration of an incremental electricity tariff plan (up to 2021), the analyzed cost of energy of the grid/PV system is around 12% lower than the utility grid tariff. Moreover, we also found that by taking the continuous global solar PV cost reduction into account, the cost of energy of the modeled islanded operation of solar PV power units totally broke the grid tariff in Ethiopia after 2029 based on the tariff for 2021 and well before with the expected escalation of the grid tariff on an annual basis. The technical performance of the system realized through PVGIS and PVWatts was almost comparable to the HOMER Pro outputs. Thus, this investigation will offer a clear direction to the concerned target groups and policy developers in the evolution of PV power supply options throughout the technically viable locations in the country.

scholarly journals Comparison of Profitability of PV Electricity Sharing in Renewable Energy Communities in Selected European Countries

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 5007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Radl ◽  
Andreas Fleischhacker ◽  
Frida Huglen Revheim ◽  
Georg Lettner ◽  
Hans Auer
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Linear Optimization ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Linear Optimization Model ◽  
Battery Energy Storage Systems ◽  
Battery Energy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Country Specific

The economic value of photovoltaic (PV) systems depends on country-specific conditions. This study investigates the impact of grid fees, solar irradiance and local consumption on the profitability and penetration of PV systems and batteries in renewable energy communities. The linear optimization model calculates the optimal investments into PV and storages applied on a test community, which represents the European housing situation. The comparison of eight countries considers individual heat and cooling demands as well as sector coupling. Results show that renewable energy communities have the potential to reduce electricity costs due to community investments and load aggregation but do not necessarily lead to more distributed PV. Besides full-load hours, the energy component of electricity tariffs has the highest impact on PV distribution. Under current market conditions, battery energy storage systems are rarely profitable for increasing PV self-consumption but there is potential with power pricing. Renewable energy communities enable individuals to be a prosumer without the necessity of owning a PV system. This could lead to more (community) PV investments in the short term. Hence, it hinders investments in a saturated PV market.

scholarly journals Model Predictive Control for the Energy Management in a District of Buildings Equipped with Building Integrated Photovoltaic Systems and Batteries

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3369
Author(s):  
Maria C. Fotopoulou ◽  
Panagiotis Drosatos ◽  
Stefanos Petridis ◽  
Dimitrios Rakopoulos ◽  
Fotis Stergiopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Model Predictive Control ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Predictive Control ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Node Distribution ◽  
Building Integrated Photovoltaic ◽  
Battery Energy Storage Systems ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Battery Energy

This paper introduces a Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategy for the optimal energy management of a district whose buildings are equipped with vertically placed Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) systems and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS). The vertically placed BIPV systems are able to cover larger areas of buildings’ surfaces, as compared with conventional rooftop PV systems, and reach their peak of production during winter and spring, which renders them suitable for energy harvesting especially in urban areas. Driven by both these relative advantages, the proposed strategy aims to maximize the district’s autonomy from the external grid, which is achieved through the cooperation of interactive buildings. Therefore, the major contribution of this study is the management and optimal cooperation of a group of buildings, each of which is equipped with its own system of vertical BIPV panels and BESS, carried out by an MPC strategy. The proposed control scheme consists of three main components, i.e., the forecaster, the optimizer and the district, which interact periodically with each other. In order to quantitatively evaluate the benefits of the proposed MPC strategy and the implementation of vertical BIPV and BESS, a hypothetical five-node distribution network located in Greece for four representative days of the year was examined, followed by a sensitivity analysis to examine the effect of the system configuration on its performance.

scholarly journals DC-link sensorless control strategy for grid-connected PV systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa Ahmed ◽  
Mohamed Abdelrahem ◽  
Ahmed Farhan ◽  
Ibrahim Harbi ◽  
Ralph Kennel
Keyword(s):  
Sensorless Control ◽  
Current Loop ◽  
Sensor Failure ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Step Size ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Control Loops ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
The Cost

AbstractSensorless strategies become very popular in modern control techniques because they increase the system reliability. Besides, they can be used as back-up control in case of sensor failure. In this paper, a DC-link sensorless control approach is developed, which is suited for grid-connected PV systems. The studied system is a two-stage PV scheme, where the DC–DC stage (boost converter) is controlled using an adaptive step-size perturb and observe (P&O) method. Further, the inverter control is accomplished by voltage oriented control (VOC). Generally, the VOC is implemented with two cascaded control loops, namely an outer voltage loop and an inner current loop. However, in this work, the outer loop is avoided and the reference current is generated using a losses model for the system. The losses model accounts for the most significant losses in the PV system. Moreover, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is utilized to compensate for the unmodeled losses. The PSO is executed offline for the purpose of calculation burden reduction. The proposed approach simplifies the cascaded VOC strategy and eliminates the DC-link voltage sensor, which in turn decreases the cost of the system. Finally, the proposed technique is compared with the conventional one at different atmospheric conditions and validated using MATLAB simulation results.

scholarly journals Technoeconomical Assessment of Optimum Design for Photovoltaic Water Pumping System for Rural Area in Oman

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussein A. Kazem ◽  
Ali H. A. Al-Waeli ◽  
Atma H. K. Al-Kabi ◽  
Asma Al-Mamari
Keyword(s):  
Optimum Design ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Diesel Generator ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Pumping System ◽  
Water Pumping ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Yield Factor ◽  
The Cost

Photovoltaic (PV) systems have been used globally for a long time to supply electricity for water pumping system for irrigation. System cost drops down with time since PV technology, efficiency, and design methodology have been improved and cost of wattage drops dramatically in the last decade. In the present paper optimum PV system design for water pumping system has been proposed for Oman. Intuitive and numerical methods were used to design the system. HOMER software as a numerical method was used to design the system to come up with optimum design for Oman. Also, REPS.OM software has been used to find the optimum design based on hourly meteorological data. The daily solar energy in Sohar was found to be 6.182 kWh/m2·day. However, it is found that the system annual yield factor is 2024.66 kWh/kWp. Furthermore, the capacity factor was found to be 23.05%, which is promising. The cost of energy and system capital cost has been compared with that of diesel generator and systems in literature. The comparison shows that the cost of energy is 0.180, 0.309, and 0.790 USD/kWh for PV-REPS.OM, PV-HOMER, and diesel systems, respectively, which sound that PV water pumping systems are promising in Oman.

scholarly journals Techno-economic study on grid-connected PV system for major cities in Saudi Arabia

2020 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 02005
Author(s):  
Amjad Ali ◽  
Muzafar Hussain ◽  
Fahad A. Al-Sulaiman ◽  
Shahbaz Tahir ◽  
Kashif Irshad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Pv System ◽  
North West ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
The North ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Pv Penetration

This paper presents the economic, technical, and environmental performance of a GridConnected PV System (GCPVS) designed for a residential building consisting of 14 families for six major cities of Saudi Arabia. HOMER Pro was used in this study for the evaluation of the techno-economical & environmental performance of the GCPVS. Neom, which a newly developed city on the west coast of Saudi Arabia, which has never been investigated before for such conditions, is also considered among the selected cities in the current study and thus makes the work novel. This analysis demonstrates that CO2 emissions are considerably higher as compared to their counterparts in both; grid alone and grid + PV systems. The studies concluded that the grid + PV system was feasible for all cities. Parameters like Net Present Cost (NPC), Cost of Energy (COE), and excess electricity were proportional to the PV penetration, but with the increase of PV penetration, CO2 emissions decreased. For the grid + PV system, Neom was found to be the most economical as it demonstrated the lowest NPC ($80, 199) and CO2 emissions (63, 664 kg/yr), among others. Neom, as a rapidly developing city in the North-West of Saudi Arabia, possesses great potential for PV. The results of this study can be used to study further PV systems in different climate zones of Saudi Arabia.

A Novelty Control Strategy for the Photovoltaic Supercapacitor and Battery Hybrids Storage System

2011 ◽  
Vol 301-303 ◽  
pp. 1522-1527
Author(s):  
Yi Yuan ◽  
Mohamed Machmoum ◽  
Salvy Bourguet ◽  
Nicolas Amelon
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategy ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Photovoltaic Panel ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Power Product ◽  
Pv Panel ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Large Burst ◽  
Reasonable Energy

Most photovoltaic (PV) systems can supply continuous energy by using storage applications. Generally, the battery is employed for finishing this aim. The expense of the battery occupies a large part in the whole PV system. However, the constant variations of both photovoltaic panel power product and load power demand reduce the life of the battery. At the same time, for providing several large burst power demands generated by the motor based application startup, the sizing of battery should be enlarged. Both of them increase the cost of the PV system. Therefore, supercapacitor is integrated into this system. With a reasonable energy control strategy among the PV panel, supercapacitor and battery, the battery’s life could be prolonged and its size can be reduced. A PV system with hybrid storage applications is established in the Matlab/Simulink. Two different loads and weather situations are used to prove the efficiency of this control strategy.

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