scholarly journals Conducting an International, Exploratory Survey to Collect Data on Honey Bee Disease Management and Control

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7311
Author(s):  
Ziad Mezher ◽  
Jernej Bubnic ◽  
Roberto Condoleo ◽  
Filippo Jannoni-Sebastianini ◽  
Andrea Leto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Bee Disease ◽  
Set Up

The Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana (IZSLT) and the International Federation of Beekeepers’ Associations (Apimondia) set up a worldwide survey in 2015–2017 to gather information on beekeepers’ perceptions concerning good beekeeping practices, the main honey bee diseases, and the technical assistance they receive. The on-line dissemination of the survey was facilitated by the “Technologies and Practices for Small Agricultural Producers” platform (TECA) of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). In total, 248 questionnaires were received from the European region and the results are reported here. Varroosis remains the biggest concern and is the most important reason for beekeepers’ use of veterinary medicines. However, a sustainable approach to managing Varroa was detected. American foulbrood (AFB) and European foulbrood (EFB) infections are mainly managed through the shook swarm technique or burning the hives. Concerning technical assistance for disease management, beekeepers were mainly supported by their associations or expert beekeepers. Relevant data were collected and analyzed but information from many low-income countries in Africa or Asia is still missing, and more efforts are needed to fill the knowledge gaps.

International Labor Organization

1956 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 316-318
Keyword(s):  
Community Development ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Community Organization ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Labor Organization ◽  
International Labor Organization ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
International Labor

The seventh session of the International Labor Organization (ILO) Asian Advisory Committee was held in Geneva on November 7 and 8, 1955, under the chairmanship of Mr. Maung Maung (government member, Burma). The session was attended by eight government members, four employers' members, and three workers' members, and by observers from the UN and the Food and Agriculture Organization. The Committee agreed that increased credit facilities for agriculture in Asia would contribute to social and economic progress in the region and might also help to increase the volume of international trade; there was need for wide and repid international action to deal with the problem, and it was suggested that the provision of such credit might be assisted through expended activities on the part of existing international financial agencies. The Committee endorsed a resolution adopted at the fifth session of the Permanent Agricultural Committee concerning the scope and nature of ILO contributies to international programs of action for community organization and development, emphasizing that the ILO should take an active part in conferences, seminars and study groups as well as in technical assistance projects designed to promote community development, and should stress the community development approach within its own program of work. In considering ways of accelerating economic development in Asian countries, the Committee emphasized the need for increased capital investment by countries with capital surpluses, so as to ensure that an increase in the rate of capital formation did not encroach on the level of current consumption.

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISSUES

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-395
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Development Aid ◽  
Military Expenditure ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
River Blindness ◽  
Eradication Programme ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Health Organization

The annual military bill is now approaching 450 billion US dollars, while official development aid accounts for less than 5 per cent of this figure. Four examples: 1. The military expenditure of only half a day would suffice to finance the whole malaria eradication programme of the World Health Organization, and less would be needed to conquer river-blindness, which is still the scourge of millions. 2. A modern tank costs about one million dollars; that amount could improve storage facilities for 100,000 tons of rice and thus save 4000 tons or more annually; one person can live on just over a pound of rice a day. The same sum of money could provide 1000 classrooms for 30,000 children. 3. For the price of one jet fighter (20 million dollars) one could set up about 40,000 village pharmacies. 4. One-half of one per cent of one year's world military expenditure would pay for all the farm equipment needed to increase food production and approach self-sufficiency in food-deficit low-income countries by 1990.

The World Bank and Educational Assistance

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brent Edwards ◽  
Inga Storen
Keyword(s):  
Education Reform ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
International Political Economy ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Educational Assistance ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World

Since the 1950s, the World Bank’s involvement and influence in educational assistance has increased greatly. The World Bank has not only been a key player, but, at times, has been the dominant international organization working with low-income countries to reform their education systems. Given the contributions that education makes to country development, the World Bank works in the realm of education as part of its broad mission to reduce poverty and to increase prosperity. This work takes the form of financing, technical assistance and knowledge production (among others) and occurs at multiple levels, as the World Bank seeks to contribute to country development and to shape the global conversation around the purposes and preferred models of education reform, in addition to engaging in international processes and politics with other multi- and bilateral organizations. The present article examines the work of the World Bank in historical perspective in addition to discussing how the role of this institution has been theorized and research by scholars. Specifically, the first section provides an overview of this institution’s history with a focus on how the leadership, preferred policies, organizational structure, lending, and larger politics to which it responds have changed over time, since the 1940s. Second, the article addresses the ways that the World Bank is conceptualized and approached by scholars of World Culture Theory, international political economy, and international relations. The third section contains a review of research on (a) how the World Bank is involved in educational policy making at the country level, (b) the ways the World Bank engages with civil society and encourages its general participation in educational assistance, (c) what is known about the World Bank in relation to policy implementation, and (d) the production of research in and on the Bank.

Food and Agriculture Organization

1952 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-632
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Assistance Programme ◽  
Food Shortages ◽  
Locust Control

The Council of the Food and Agriculture Organization held its fifteenth session in Rome from June 9 to 14, 1952 under the chairmanship of Josu6 de Castro (Brazil); Sir Ralph Enfield (United Kingdom) and Dr. G. B. H. Barton (Canada) were elected vice chairmen of the session. Focusing its attention on questions discussed at the Sixth Conference of the Food and Agriculture Organization, the council reviewed progress reports on the reform of agrarian structures, the Expanded Technical Assistance Programme, commodity problems, locust control and plans for increasing food and agricultural production; studied the problem of food shortages and famine; and considered matters of procedure, administration and finance.

Food and Agriculture Organization

1953 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 408-410
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Near East ◽  
World Population ◽  
World Food ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Social Council ◽  
The United Nations

The annual report of the Food and Agriculture Organization to the sixteenth session of the United Nations Economic and Social Council included the report of the sixteenth session of the FAO Council, a brief summary of the main features of the FAO program of work and budget for 1954 and 1955, an indication of the contents of The State of Food and Agriculture 1953, and reference to issues on which the United Nations General Assembly and Economic and Social Council passed resolutions during the preceding year. Respecting the world food situation the report stated that a recent assessment of the trend of food requirements had been made by FAO on the basis of population estimates supplied by the Population Division of the United Nations for countries other than the USSR, eastern Europe, and China. FAO found that the annual increase in world population was about 30 millions; that the situation was at least as critical as was reported to ECOSOC last year; and that world food production, aided by favorable weather in a majority of countries in the last two crop years, was increasing in most countries, but in general less rapidly than the growth of population. In the previous twelve months FAO had made intensive preparation for three regional meetings on food and agricultural programs and outlook which, in accordance with the request of the sixth session of the FAO conference, were to be held during mid-1953 in the far east, Latin America, and the near east. These meetings, complementary to the whole of the organization's work in the field of technical assistance, would be similar to those held in Latin America and the near east prior to the sixth FAO conference.

scholarly journals Rinderpest Global Eradication Management

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Vaclav Kouba
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Biological Weapons ◽  
Connected Components ◽  
Eradication Programme ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Practical Reality ◽  
Global Eradication

Abstract The global eradication of rinderpest in 2010 ranked as the second in history after the eradication of smallpox in humans in 1980. Rinderpest (in recent history included also among biological weapons of mass destruction) recurred throughout history causing hundreds of millions of animal deaths. It was recorded in 114 countries of all continents. After the World War II it was still reported from 66 countries in Africa and Asia. After all necessary knowledge about rinderpest virus and its circulation became available, along with excellent vaccine as well as enough experience with anti-rinderpest measures, the global eradication programme was launched in 1986 after a long preparatory period. It was composed of three new regional projects including all national anti-rinderpest programmes. The main method consisted in active search, isolation and stamping out of all outbreaks combined with mass prophylactic vaccinations and followed by years-long risk-based surveillance. The transfer of research results into practical reality required an extraordinary complex of a highly demanding system of managerial measures. It included analyses of rinderpest occurrence, identification of objectives/ deadlines and control methods, planning, ensuring necessary manpower, material and funds, organizing and implementation of coordinating programmes etc. This complex was represented by a managerial pyramid structure of inter-connected components having the basis at rinderpest affected localities and countries and its top at the Animal Health Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations as executive agency responsible for technical assistance and global leadership/coordination.

Food and Agriculture Organization

1953 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 558-561
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Director General ◽  
Assistance Program ◽  
Work Program ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Technical Assistance Program ◽  
First Time

The seventeenth session of the Council of the Food and Agriculture Organization, which met in Rome from June 15 to 24, 1953, under the chairmanship of Josue de Castro, was concerned primarily with preparations for the seventh FAO Conference scheduled to convene on November 23. Colombia, the Netherlands, the Philippines and Spain attended the Council for the first time since their election to that body at the sixth FAO Conference. In considering the budget and work program which had been prepared by the Director-General for the seventh Conference, the Council agreed that the program for the next two years would, of necessity, consist principally of continuations of existing projects. The budgets proposed by the Director-General (Dodd) of $6,040,000 and $6,200,000 for 1954 and 1955, respectively, were larger than the approved budget of $5,250,000 for 1953; the Council pointed out, however, that a large part of the increase was necessitated by normal salary increments, allowance costs and similar expenses. In view of the opinions which had been expressed by several FAO members opposing any increase in the organization's budget and tending to favor stable or even smaller budgets for the next two years, the Council asked the Director-General to prepare a report for the Conference showing the program implications of a budget at the 1953 level and also at a level of $5,500,000. Concerning the expanded technical assistance program, the Council noted with some concern that the actual funds expected to be available for FAO's share of the 1954 program were likely to be about half of the $12 million originally budgeted for the program on a suggestion of the Technical Assistance Board.

scholarly journals Towards smart dairy nutrition: Improving sustainability and economics of dairy production

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 153-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfred Schönleben ◽  
Joachim Mentschel ◽  
Luboš Střelec
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Dairy Production ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Dairy Nutrition

To satisfy increasing food and nutrient supply requirements for our growing future human population, farmers and staple food producers carry vital responsibilities. Especially farmers with ruminant livestock like dairy cows transform otherwise for human consumption unsuitable fibre into highly nutritious milk and meat. Nevertheless, dairy farmers are challenged increasingly by the consequences of global warming. Economic risks like feed supply and volatile commodity prices need to be balanced, also taking into account the increasing environmental awareness of end-customers. Focusing just on emissions, dairy production is contributing an essential part of the total carbon footprint emitted by the agricultural sector. Since rumen degradability of feed was identified by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations as one of the most influential parameters in reducing the carbon footprint of dairy farming, the desire to exploit leverage potential for efficiency increases can be considered exceptionally high. Although the positive effects of improved feed, in other words, neutral detergent fibre rumen degradability for dairy farming are well understood, detailed information on the correct management to obtain well digestible feed sources is still missing. Using the smart dairy nutrition ration formulation concept, applying readily on-farm available digitized data and management information the objectives of this study were: 1) to assess the influential parameters which govern neutral detergent fibre rumen degradability of corn silage, using a set of 584 corn silages from multiple years, and 2) to evaluate within an integrated dairy production set up the economic and ecological improvement potential by feeding a subset of 28 different corn silages, including detailed variety information. Results show that the neutral detergent fibre rumen degradability is primarily governed by variety choice and can be four times more important than the correct harvest stage decision. By feeding corn silage varieties with high neutral detergent fibre rumen degradability, monetary income could be increased by ~10% while simultaneously reducing manure accumulation.

Food and Agriculture Organization

1950 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 671-672
Keyword(s):  
Technical Assistance ◽  
General Character ◽  
Director General ◽  
Financial Control ◽  
Assistance Program ◽  
Administrative Services ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Technical Assistance Program ◽  
Made In

The Sixth Conference of the Food and Agriculture Organization was to meet in Washington in November. The eleventh session of the Committee on Financial Control met in July 1950 and recommended reduced expenditure in 1951. Factors responsible for the cut in the working budget, which at maximum would have been $5,000,000 but was estimated at $4,500,000, were the $200,000 which constituted the first repayment installment on the four year loan granted the FAO by Italy for the removal of its headquarters to Rome and $100,000 repayment to its Working Capital Fund which had been drawn upon the previous year. The Director-General (Dodd) noted that despite decreased income increased requests had been made by the member governments upon FAO, especially in the agriculture, fisheries and forestry divisions, and that it had been necessary to create new regional offices in Cairo and Bangkok. The aims of FAO continued as they had been stated in the Report of the Fifth Session of FAO Conference; (1) to undertake a limited number of projects of major importance, (2) to increase projects which extended direct aid to enlargement of production and improvement of nutrition, (3) to place greater emphasis on activities aimed at increasing production of food and primary products, and (4) not to alter the general character of the FAO regular program although it was to be somewhat integrated with that of the United Nations technical assistance program. Budgetary reductions were made in administrative services, travel, regional organization, information and translation work, statistical and economic service, and direct technical assistance. The expanded Technical Assistance Program mitigated, however, reductions of FAO in this field.

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