scholarly journals An Insight into Probiotics Bio-Route: Translocation from the Mother’s Gut to the Mammary Gland

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7247
Author(s):  
Shanmugaprakasham Selvamani ◽  
Daniel Joe Dailin ◽  
Vijai Kumar Gupta ◽  
Mohd Wahid ◽  
Ho Chin Keat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Nutritional Requirement ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Neonatal Immunity

Human breast milk (HBM) is unique in its composition as it is adapted to fulfil the newborns’ nutritional requirement and helps in improving the health of newborns. Besides various nutrients, the human milk also contains diverse group of microbiotas. The human milk microbiota has a remarkable impact on the growth and development of a newborn. Additionally, the human milk microbiota enhances the colonization of microbes in the gut of infants. Debates about the origin of HBM microbial flora remain premature and contradictory in some cases. Recent data suggest that the maternal gut microbiota has a major impact on microbial composition, areolar skin, and from the infant’s oral cavity. The current review investigates the possible route of microbial transfer from the maternal gut to mammary gland and suggests that it might occur through the entero-mammary pathway. It involves precise selection of probiotic microorganisms from the gut, as the human gut hosts trillions of microorganisms involved in gut homeostasis and other metabolic pathways. Gastrointestinal lymphatic vessels, macrophages, and dendritic cells are shown to play a significant role in the microbial transmission. Furthermore, the role of microbial factors in the development of neonatal immunity and translocation of secretory IgA (SIgA) cells from the intestinal lumen to GALT and finally to mammary glands via entero-mammary link are discussed.

scholarly journals Breast Milk, a Source of Beneficial Microbes and Associated Benefits for Infant Health

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katríona E. Lyons ◽  
C. Anthony Ryan ◽  
Eugene M. Dempsey ◽  
R. Paul Ross ◽  
Catherine Stanton
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Beneficial Microbes ◽  
Health And Nutrition

Human breast milk is considered the optimum feeding regime for newborn infants due to its ability to provide complete nutrition and many bioactive health factors. Breast feeding is associated with improved infant health and immune development, less incidences of gastrointestinal disease and lower mortality rates than formula fed infants. As well as providing fundamental nutrients to the growing infant, breast milk is a source of commensal bacteria which further enhance infant health by preventing pathogen adhesion and promoting gut colonisation of beneficial microbes. While breast milk was initially considered a sterile fluid and microbes isolated were considered contaminants, it is now widely accepted that breast milk is home to its own unique microbiome. The origins of bacteria in breast milk have been subject to much debate, however, the possibility of an entero-mammary pathway allowing for transfer of microbes from maternal gut to the mammary gland is one potential pathway. Human milk derived strains can be regarded as potential probiotics; therefore, many studies have focused on isolating strains from milk for subsequent use in infant health and nutrition markets. This review aims to discuss mammary gland development in preparation for lactation as well as explore the microbial composition and origins of the human milk microbiota with a focus on probiotic development.

scholarly journals Profiles of Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Their Relations to the Milk Microbiota of Breastfeeding Mothers in Dubai

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1727
Author(s):  
Carole Ayoub Moubareck ◽  
Maryam Lootah ◽  
Muna Tahlak ◽  
Koen Venema
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides

The composition of human breast milk is affected by several factors, including genetics, geographic location and maternal nutrition. This study investigated the human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) of breastfeeding mothers living in Dubai and their relations with the milk microbiota. A total of 30 breast milk samples were collected from healthy Emirati and UAE-expatriates at Latifa Hospital. HMO profiling was performed using UHPLC-MS. Microbiota profiles were determined by sequencing amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. HMO concentrations were significantly higher in Emirati, and dropped with the lactation period in both groups of mothers. The Le (a−b+)-secretor (Le+Se+) type was the most abundant in Dubai mothers (60%), followed by the Le(a−b−)-secretor (Le−Se+) type (23%). Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were considerably lower in Dubai-based mothers, while Pseudomonas and Delftia (Hydrogenophaga) were detected at a higher abundance compared to mothers from other countries. Atopobium was correlated with sialyl-lacto-N-tetraose c, Leptotrichia and Veillonella were correlated with 6’-sialyl-lactose, and Porphyromonas was correlated with lacto-N-hexaose. The study highlights the HMO profiles of breastfeeding mothers in Dubai and reveals few correlations with milk microbial composition. Targeted genomic analyses may help in determining whether these differences are due to genetic variations or to sociocultural and environmental factors.

scholarly journals Analysis of Insulin in Human Breast Milk in Mothers with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Whitmore ◽  
N. J. Trengove ◽  
D. F. Graham ◽  
P. E. Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
C Peptide ◽  
Endogenous Insulin ◽  
Comparable Concentration

Despite the important role that insulin plays in the human body, very little is known about its presence in human milk. Levels rapidly decrease during the first few days of lactation and then, unlike other serum proteins of similar size, achieve comparable levels to those in serum. Despite this, current guides for medical treatment suggest that insulin does not pass into milk, raising the question of where the insulin in milk originates. Five mothers without diabetes, 4 mothers with type 1, and 5 mothers with type 2 diabetes collected milk samples over a 24-hour period. Samples were analysed for total and endogenous insulin content and for c-peptide content. All of the insulin present in the milk of type 1 mothers was artificial, and c-peptide levels were 100x lower than in serum. This demonstrates that insulin is transported into human milk at comparable concentration to serum, suggesting an active transport mechanism. The role of insulin in milk is yet to be determined; however, there are a number of potential implications for the infant of the presence of artificial insulins in milk.

scholarly journals Cross-feeding between Bifidobacterium infantis and Anaerostipes caccae on lactose and human milk oligosaccharides

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
L.W. Chia ◽  
M. Mank ◽  
B. Blijenberg ◽  
R.S. Bongers ◽  
K. van Limpt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Bifidobacterium Infantis ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Important Species

The establishment of the gut microbiota immediately after birth is a dynamic process that may impact lifelong health. At this important developmental stage in early life, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) serve as specific substrates to shape the gut microbiota of the nursling. The well-orchestrated transition is important as an aberrant microbial composition and bacterial-derived metabolites are associated with colicky symptoms and atopic diseases in infants. Here, we study the trophic interactions between an HMO-degrader, Bifidobacterium infantis and the butyrogenic Anaerostipes caccae using carbohydrate substrates that are relevant in the early life period including lactose and total human milk carbohydrates. Mono- and co-cultures of these bacterial species were grown at pH 6.5 in anaerobic bioreactors supplemented with lactose or total human milk carbohydrates. A. caccae was not able to grow on these substrates except when grown in co-culture with B. infantis, leading to growth and concomitant butyrate production. Two levels of cross-feeding were observed, in which A. caccae utilised the liberated monosaccharides as well as lactate and acetate produced by B. infantis. This microbial cross-feeding points towards the key ecological role of bifidobacteria in providing substrates for other important species that will colonise the infant gut. The progressive shift of the gut microbiota composition that contributes to the gradual production of butyrate could be important for host-microbial crosstalk and gut maturation.

The Role of Prolactin in the Development of Mammary Gland Pathology

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-213
Author(s):  
O. O. Kolomiyets ◽  
◽  
O. V. Yazykov ◽  
M. S. Lyndin ◽  
R. A. Moskalenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland
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