scholarly journals The Role of RANKL and Involvement of Cementum in Orthodontic Root Resorption

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7244
Author(s):  
Masaru Yamaguchi ◽  
Hiroyuki Mishima
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Factor Kappa B ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Root Resorption ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Apical Region ◽  
Pdl Cells ◽  
Receptor Activator ◽  
Maxillary Premolars ◽  
Orthodontic Forces

Orthodontic root resorption (ORR) is an unintended side effect of orthodontic treatment, and severe ORR can affect treatment outcome. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) has been detected in the resorbed cementum and periodontal (PDL) tissues exposed to excessive orthodontic forces. Recent studies have demonstrated that PDL cells and cementoblasts express RANKL that may play a role in ORR during orthodontic tooth movement. It is known that the hardness of cementum in human maxillary premolars differs among individuals. Furthermore, this difference has been reported to be attributed to differences in the calcium (Ca)/phosphorus (P) ratio. A correlation was observed between the Vickers hardness and Ca/P ratio of the cementum in the apical region. These findings suggest that cementum hardness and the Ca/P ratio may be indirectly involved in ORR caused by orthodontic forces. In this review, it aims to identify the role of RANKL and involvement of cementum in ORR.

scholarly journals Is Inflammation a Friend or Foe for Orthodontic Treatment?: Inflammation in Orthodontically Induced Inflammatory Root Resorption and Accelerating Tooth Movement

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2388
Author(s):  
Masaru Yamaguchi ◽  
Shinichi Fukasawa
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Root Resorption ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Orthodontic Forces ◽  
Necrosis Factor

The aim of this paper is to provide a review on the role of inflammation in orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR) and accelerating orthodontic tooth movement (AOTM) in orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is stimulated by remodeling of the periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone. These remodeling activities and tooth displacement are involved in the occurrence of an inflammatory process in the periodontium, in response to orthodontic forces. Inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins (PGs), interleukins (Ils; IL-1, -6, -17), the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α superfamily, and receptor activator of nuclear factor (RANK)/RANK ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) are increased in the PDL during OTM. OIIRR is one of the accidental symptoms, and inflammatory mediators have been detected in resorbed roots, PDL, and alveolar bone exposed to heavy orthodontic force. Therefore, these inflammatory mediators are involved with the occurrence of OIIRR during orthodontic tooth movement. On the contrary, regional accelerating phenomenon (RAP) occurs after fractures and surgery such as osteotomies or bone grafting, and bone healing is accelerated by increasing osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Recently, tooth movement after surgical procedures such as corticotomy, corticision, piezocision, and micro-osteoperforation might be accelerated by RAP, which increases the bone metabolism. Therefore, inflammation may be involved in accelerated OTM (AOTM). The knowledge of inflammation during orthodontic treatment could be used in preventing OIIRR and AOTM.

The role of HIF-1α in nicotine-induced root and bone resorption during orthodontic tooth movement

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niklas Ullrich ◽  
Agnes Schröder ◽  
Maria Bauer ◽  
Gerrit Spanier ◽  
Jonathan Jantsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Resorption ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Root Resorption ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Alternative Mechanism ◽  
Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts ◽  
Expression Ratio ◽  
Trabecular Thickness ◽  
Study Results

Summary Background In orthodontic tooth movement (OTM), pseudo-inflammatory processes occur that are similar to those of nicotine-induced periodontitis. Previous studies have shown that nicotine accelerates OTM, but induces periodontal bone loss and dental root resorption via synergistically increased osteoclastogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the role of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) in nicotine-induced osteoclastogenesis during OTM. Materials/Methods Male Fischer-344 rats were treated with l-Nicotine (1.89 mg/kg/day s.c., N = 10) or NaCl solution (N = 10). After a week of premedication, a NiTi spring was inserted to mesialize the first upper left molar. The extent of dental root resorption, osteoclastogenesis, and HIF-1α protein expression was determined by (immuno)histology, as well as bone volume (BV/TV) and trabecular thickness (TbTh) using µCT. Receptor activator of nuclear factor of activated B-cells ligand (RANK-L), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and HIF-1α expression were examined at the protein level in periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF) exposed to pressure, nicotine and/or hypoxia, as well as PDLF-induced osteoclastogenesis in co-culture experiments with osteoclast progenitor cells. Results Nicotine favoured dental root resorptions and osteoclastogenesis during OTM, while BV/TV and TbTh were only influenced by force. This nicotine-induced increase does not appear to be mediated by HIF-1α, since HIF-1α was stabilized by force application and hypoxia, but not by nicotine. The in vitro data showed that the hypoxia-induced increase in RANK-L/OPG expression ratio and PDLF-mediated osteoclastogenesis was less pronounced than the nicotine-induced increase. Conclusions Study results indicate that the nicotine-induced increase in osteoclastogenesis and periodontal bone resorption during OTM may not be mediated by hypoxic effects or HIF-1α stabilization in the context of nicotine-induced vasoconstriction, but rather by an alternative mechanism.

scholarly journals Biological events related to corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 2856-2864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liviu Feller ◽  
Razia A.G. Khammissa ◽  
Andreas Siebold ◽  
Andre Hugo ◽  
Johan Lemmer
Keyword(s):  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Root Resorption ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Alveolar Process ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
External Root Resorption ◽  
Orthodontic Forces

Corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics is a clinical treatment modality comprising the application of conventional orthodontic forces combined with selective decortication of the alveolar process of the bone, which generates a localized process of bone remodeling (turnover) that enables accelerated orthodontic tooth movement. Compared with conventional orthodontic treatment, corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics is associated with reduced treatment time and reduces the frequency of apical external root resorption; however, this modality increases morbidity and financial costs. Although the clinical outcomes of corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics appear favorable, no results of evidence-based investigations of long-term outcomes are available in the literature, and the long-term effects of corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics on the teeth and periodontium are unclear. This narrative review discusses the biological events associated with corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics. Authoritative articles found in relevant databases were critically analyzed and the findings were integrated and incorporated in the text.

scholarly journals The Role of Hypoxia in Orthodontic Tooth Movement

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Niklas ◽  
P. Proff ◽  
M. Gosau ◽  
P. Römer
Keyword(s):  
Bone Remodeling ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Blood Perfusion ◽  
Vascular Changes ◽  
Cellular Effects ◽  
Tissue Proliferation ◽  
Orthodontic Forces ◽  
Circulatory Disturbances

Orthodontic forces are known to have various effects on the alveolar process, such as cell deformation, inflammation, and circulatory disturbances. Each of these conditions affecting cell differentiation, cell repair, and cell migration, is driven by numerous molecular and inflammatory mediators. As a result, bone remodeling is induced, facilitating orthodontic tooth movement. However, orthodontic forces not only have cellular effects but also induce vascular changes. Orthodontic forces are known to occlude periodontal ligament vessels on the pressure side of the dental root, decreasing the blood perfusion of the tissue. This condition is accompanied by hypoxia, which is known to either affect cell proliferation or induce apoptosis, depending on the oxygen gradient. Because upregulated tissue proliferation rates are often accompanied by angiogenesis, hypoxia may be assumed to fundamentally contribute to bone remodeling processes during orthodontic treatment.

Biologic Responses of Autogenous Bone and Beta-tricalcium Phosphate Ceramics Transplanted into Bone Defects to Orthodontic Forces

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Zakir Hossain ◽  
Shingo Kyomen ◽  
Kazuo Tanne
Keyword(s):  
Tricalcium Phosphate ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Root Resorption ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Bone Defects ◽  
Autogenous Bone ◽  
Beta Tricalcium Phosphate ◽  
Orthodontic Forces ◽  
External Stimuli

This study was conducted to evaluate biologic responses of autogenous bone (particulate marrow and cancellous bone; PMCB) and beta-tricalcium phosphate ceramics (TCPC) to orthodontic stimuli. Nine dogs served as the experimental animals; three dogs underwent orthodontic tooth movement after grafting, three dogs received PMCB grafting without tooth movement, and three dogs received TCPC grafting without tooth movement. Immediately after extraction of the upper second and/or third incisors, the maxillary alveolar bone was resected bilaterally. Autogenous PMCB obtained from the iliac bone and TCPC were transplanted into each bone defect. Experimental tooth movement was initiated 2 to 4 weeks after the grafting and continued for 9 to 15 weeks. Sectional archwires with open-coil springs were used for distal movement of the upper first incisors into the extraction sites. Oxytetracycline and calcein were employed as bone markers. Sections of grafted areas including the teeth were prepared for light and fluorescence microscopy. The results revealed that both autogenous bone and TCPC presented similar adaptive changes to the original alveolar bone without any external stimuli. TCPC exhibited more prominent biodegradative responses to orthodontic force in association with new cementum formation. Root resorption was also less in the TCPC area than in the PMCB region. It Is shown that TCPC is biodegradative In nature and adaptive for remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement. This finding indicates that TCPC may be a better biocompatible alternative to autogenous bone transplanted into bone defects subjected to orthodontic tooth movement.

scholarly journals Reduced Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Enpp1 Mutant Mice with Hypercementosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 937-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Wolf ◽  
M. Ao ◽  
M.B. Chavez ◽  
T.N. Kolli ◽  
V. Thumbigere-Math ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Root Resorption ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Mutant Mice ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Tooth Root ◽  
Inorganic Pyrophosphate ◽  
Orthodontic Forces ◽  
Root Surfaces

Previous studies revealed that cementum formation is tightly regulated by inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), a mineralization inhibitor. Local PPi concentrations are determined by regulators, including ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1), which increases PPi concentrations by adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis. Orthodontic forces stimulate alveolar bone remodelling, leading to orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). To better understand how disturbed mineral metabolism and the resulting altered periodontal structures affect OTM, we employed Enpp1 mutant mice that feature reduced PPi and increased cervical cementum in a model of OTM induced by a stretched closed-coil spring ligated between the maxillary left first molar and maxillary incisors. We analyzed tooth movement, osteoclast/odontoclast response, and tooth root resorption by micro–computed tomography, histology, histomorphometry, and immunohistochemistry. Preoperatively, we noted an altered periodontium in Enpp1 mutant mice, with significantly increased periodontal ligament (PDL) volume and thickness, as well as increased PDL-bone/tooth root surface area, compared to wild-type (WT) controls. After 11 d of orthodontic treatment, Enpp1 mutant mice displayed 38% reduced tooth movement versus WT mice. Molar roots in Enpp1 mutant mice exhibited less change in PDL width in compression and tension zones compared to WT mice. Root resorption was noted in both groups with no difference in average depths, but resorption lacunae in Enpp1 mutant mice were almost entirely limited to cementum, with 150% increased cementum resorption and 92% decreased dentin resorption. Osteoclast/odontoclast cells were reduced by 64% in Enpp1 mutant mice, with a predominance of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)–positive cells on root surfaces, compared to WT mice. Increased numbers of TRAP-positive cells on root surfaces were associated with robust immunolocalization of osteopontin (OPN) and receptor-activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). Collectively, reduced response to orthodontic forces, decreased tooth movement, and altered osteoclast/odontoclast distribution suggests Enpp1 loss of function has direct effects on clastic function/recruitment and/or indirect effects on periodontal remodeling via altered periodontal structure or tissue mineralization.

scholarly journals Periodontally Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics : A Mini Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-15
Author(s):  
Janvi Mody ◽  
Dishani Jain ◽  
Shrey Mehta ◽  
Divya Bhat ◽  
Anjali Nagrik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Conventional Treatment ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Root Resorption ◽  
Hard Tissue ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Orthodontic Forces

With an increasing number of patients seeking orthodontic treatment, it often poses a challenge to the attending orthodontist to seek modalities that may promote accelerated tooth movement without compromising the underlying tissues and periodontium. Hence, PAOO (Periodontal accelerated osteogenic orthodontics was introduced in order to overcome current conventional treatment limitations. It seeks to combine selective bone corticotomy, hard tissue grafting along with the application of orthodontic forces, therefore promoting an increase in the width of the alveolar bone, lesser root resorption and lesser chair side appointments. This procedure aims at accelerating tooth movement and providing long-term improvement of the periodontium, decreased need for extractions, thereby augmenting gingival esthetics. The aim of this review was to summarize current literature regarding the role of PAOO in orthodontics.

scholarly journals The role of inhibition of osteocyte apoptosis in mediating orthodontic tooth movement and periodontal remodeling: a pilot study

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Kaplan ◽  
Zana Kalajzic ◽  
Thomas Choi ◽  
Imad Maleeh ◽  
Christopher L. Ricupero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Density ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Osteocyte Apoptosis ◽  
Saline Administration ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Background Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) has been shown to induce osteocyte apoptosis in alveolar bone shortly after force application. However, how osteocyte apoptosis affects orthodontic tooth movement is unknown. The goal of this study was to assess the effect of inhibition of osteocyte apoptosis on osteoclastogenesis, changes in the alveolar bone density, and the magnitude of OTM using a bisphosphonate analog (IG9402), a drug that affects osteocyte and osteoblast apoptosis but does not affect osteoclasts. Material and methods Two sets of experiments were performed. Experiment 1 was used to specifically evaluate the effect of IG9402 on osteocyte apoptosis in the alveolar bone during 24 h of OTM. For this experiment, twelve mice were divided into two groups: group 1, saline administration + OTM24-h (n=6), and group 2, IG9402 administration + OTM24-h (n=6). The contralateral unloaded sides served as the control. The goal of experiment 2 was to evaluate the role of osteocyte apoptosis on OTM magnitude and osteoclastogenesis 10 days after OTM. Twenty mice were divided into 4 groups: group 1, saline administration without OTM (n=5); group 2, IG9402 administration without OTM (n=5); group 3, saline + OTM10-day (n=6); and group 4, IG9402 + OTM10-day (n=4). For both experiments, tooth movement was achieved using Ultra Light (25g) Sentalloy Closed Coil Springs attached between the first maxillary molar and the central incisor. Linear measurements of tooth movement and alveolar bone density (BVF) were assessed by MicroCT analysis. Cell death (or apoptosis) was assessed by terminal dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, while osteoclast and macrophage formation were assessed by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and F4/80+ immunostaining. Results We found that IG9402 significantly blocked osteocyte apoptosis in alveolar bone (AB) at 24 h of OTM. At 10 days, IG9402 prevented OTM-induced loss of alveolar bone density and changed the morphology and quality of osteoclasts and macrophages, but did not significantly affect the amount of tooth movement. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that osteocyte apoptosis may play a significant role in osteoclast and macrophage formation during OTM, but does not seem to play a role in the magnitude of orthodontic tooth movement.

scholarly journals Myeloid HIF1α Is Involved in the Extent of Orthodontically Induced Tooth Movement

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 796
Author(s):  
Christian Kirschneck ◽  
Nadine Straßmair ◽  
Fabian Cieplik ◽  
Eva Paddenberg ◽  
Jonathan Jantsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Density ◽  
Periodontal Ligament ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Myeloid Cells ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Periodontal Bone Loss

During orthodontic tooth movement, transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) is stabilised in the periodontal ligament. While HIF1α in periodontal ligament fibroblasts can be stabilised by mechanical compression, in macrophages pressure application alone is not sufficient to stabilise HIF1α. The present study was conducted to investigate the role of myeloid HIF1α during orthodontic tooth movement. Orthodontic tooth movement was performed in wildtype and Hif1αΔmyel mice lacking HIF1α expression in myeloid cells. Subsequently, µCT images were obtained to determine periodontal bone loss, extent of orthodontic tooth movement and bone density. RNA was isolated from the periodontal ligament of the control side and the orthodontically treated side, and the expression of genes involved in bone remodelling was investigated. The extent of tooth movement was increased in Hif1αΔmyel mice. This may be due to the lower bone density of the Hif1αΔmyel mice. Deletion of myeloid Hif1α was associated with increased expression of Ctsk and Acp5, while both Rankl and its decoy receptor Opg were increased. HIF1α from myeloid cells thus appears to play a regulatory role in orthodontic tooth movement.

scholarly journals Finite Element Analysis of Mandibular Anterior Teeth with Healthy, but Reduced Periodontium

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 3824
Author(s):  
Ioana-Andreea Sioustis ◽  
Mihai Axinte ◽  
Marius Prelipceanu ◽  
Alexandra Martu ◽  
Diana-Cristala Kappenberg-Nitescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Periodontal Ligament ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Anterior Teeth ◽  
Applied Forces ◽  
Orthodontic Forces

Finite element analysis studies have been of interest in the field of orthodontics and this is due to the ability to study the stress in the bone, periodontal ligament (PDL), teeth and the displacement in the bone by using this method. Our study aimed to present a method that determines the effect of applying orthodontic forces in bodily direction on a healthy and reduced periodontium and to demonstrate the utility of finite element analysis. Using the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) of a patient with a healthy and reduced periodontium, we modeled the geometric construction of the contour of the elements necessary for the study. Afterwards, we applied a force of 1 N and a force of 0.8 N in order to achieve bodily movement and to analyze the stress in the bone, in the periodontal ligament and the absolute displacement. The analysis of the applied forces showed that a minimal ligament thickness is correlated with the highest value of the maximum stress in the PDL and a decreased displacement. This confirms the results obtained in previous clinical practice, confirming the validity of the simulation. During orthodontic tooth movement, the morphology of the teeth and of the periodontium should be taken into account. The effect of orthodontic forces on a particular anatomy could be studied using FEA, a method that provides real data. This is necessary for proper treatment planning and its particularization depends on the patient’s particular situation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document