scholarly journals Reading Tapes Backwards: A Legitimate Approach to Saving Time and Money in Digitization Projects?

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 7092
Author(s):  
Federica Bressan ◽  
Valentina Burini ◽  
Edoardo Micheloni ◽  
Antonio Rodà ◽  
Richard L. Hess ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Audio Signal ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Audio Signals ◽  
Digital Storage ◽  
Audio Equipment ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Future Work

Audio carriers are subject to a fast and irreversible decay. In order to save valuable historical recordings, the audio signal and other relevant information can be extracted from the source audio document and stored on another medium, normally a redundant digital storage system. This procedure is called ’content transfer’. It is a costly and time-consuming procedure. There are several solutions with which the cost can be reduced. One consists of picking up all tracks from a two-sided tape in one pass. This means that some tracks will be digitized forward and some backwards, to be subsequently corrected in the digital workstation. This article is concerned with the question of whether reading tracks backwards introduces unwanted effects into the signal. In particular, it investigates whether a difference can be observed between audio signals read forward or backwards and, if so, whether the difference is measurable. The results show that a difference can be observed, yet this is not enough to conclude that this “backwards” approach should not be used. The complexity of the situation is presented in the discussion. Future work includes reproducing this experiment with different audio equipment, as well as a perception test with human subjects.

ZIPF ANALYSIS OF AUDIO SIGNALS

Fractals ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
pp. 73-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. DELLANDRÉA ◽  
P. MAKRIS ◽  
N. VINCENT
Keyword(s):  
Signal Analysis ◽  
Audio Signal ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Pathological State ◽  
Fusion Method ◽  
Medical Doctors ◽  
Classification Methods ◽  
Audio Signals ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Acoustical Signals

This paper deals with several of the possible uses of Zipf and inverse Zipf laws in the field of audio signal analysis. We show that these laws are powerful analysis tools allowing the extraction of information not available by standard methods. The adaptation of Zipf and inverse Zipf laws to audio signals requires a coding of these signals into text-like data, considered as sequences of patterns. Because these codings are of first importance since they have to bring to the fore relevant information within signals, three types of codings have been developed, depending on the representation of the audio signal it is based on: temporal, frequential and time-scale representations. Once audio signal has been coded, features linked to Zipf and inverse Zipf approaches are computed. Finally, the classification step aims at the identification of signals. Four classification methods have been considered as well as a fusion method that combines these classifiers. In order to evaluate our method, we apply it on medical acoustical signals. They occur when swallowing and contain xiphoidal sounds. The problem is to extract and characterize xiphoidal sounds according to the gastro-oesophageal reflux pathological state. The aim is to help medical doctors to characterize and diagnose this pathology, and to give, in the end, a decision help tool as efficient as possible.

scholarly journals Design of Audio Embedding and De-embedding for 3G-SDI Based on FPGA

2018 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 03021
Author(s):  
Yaqing Liu ◽  
Lunhui Deng
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Data Stream ◽  
Auxiliary Information ◽  
Audio Signal ◽  
Video Data ◽  
Digital Audio ◽  
Audio Signals ◽  
Audio Data ◽  
Video And Audio ◽  
The Cost

This design introduces the theoretical basis of digital audio embedding and de-embedding, and proposes a solution that Verilog language can be used to achieve 3G-SDI audio embedding and de-embedding. SDI video and audio data are input to the FPGA, and the audio signals can be embedded in the SDI line blanking after processing. Moreover, some auxiliary information is embedded in the SDI data, when you need these auxiliary information, you need to use the audio de-embedding process. The process of audio de-embedding is inversed with the process of embedding. It has been proved through practice that this scheme can effectively embed digital audio in SDI data stream, synchronize audio and video data, and can de-embed audio signal. The design is very versatile and can improve the efficiency of the design, thus effectively reducing the cost of the product.

SELISIH BIAYA PRODUKSI SEBAGAI ALAT PENGENDALIAN MANAJEMEN PT INDO PUSAKA BERAU

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
pp. 397
Author(s):  
SAFITRI NURHIDAYATI ◽  
RIZKI AMELYA SYAM
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Material Costs ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

This study aims to analyze whether the difference that occurs in the cost of raw materials, direct labor, and factory overhead costs between the standard costs and the actual costs in PLTU LATI is a difference that is favorable or unfavorable. Data collection techniques with field research and library research. The analytical tool used is the analysis of the difference in raw material costs, the difference in direct labor costs and the difference in factory overhead costs. The hypothesis in this study is that the difference allegedly occurs in the cost of raw materials, direct labor costs, and factory overhead costs at PT Indo Pusaka Berau Tanjung Redeb is a favorable difference. The results showed that the difference in the cost of producing MWh electricity at PT Indo Pusaka Berau Tanjung Redeb in 2018, namely the difference in the price of raw material costs Rp. 548,029.80, - is favorable, the difference in quantity of raw materials is Rp. 957,216,602, - is (favorable) , the difference in direct labor costs Rp 2,602,642,084, - is (unfavorable), and the difference in factory overhead costs Rp 8,807,051,422, - is (favorable) This shows that the difference in the overall production cost budget is favorable or profitable. This beneficial difference shows that the company is really able to reduce production costs optimally in 2018.  

Costs and the cost-effectiveness threshold

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Abel Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Societal Perspective ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life Year ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Qaly Threshold ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Threshold ◽  
Effectiveness Threshold ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life

Chapter 19 starts by distinguishing between the two contrasting perspectives that an economic evaluation would take: the healthcare sector perspective versus the societal perspective. The former is considered a ‘narrow analysis’ which includes only the costs accruing within the healthcare sector, while the latter represents a ‘broad analysis’ that accounts for all resource implications in all sectors of the economy. After an investigation into various types of costs, a ‘limited societal perspective’ is suggested to be more appropriate than either of the two ‘extreme perspectives’. The chapter continues with a discussion of the cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) threshold and explains the difference between a demand side- versus a supply-side approach to determining a threshold value for a QALY.

scholarly journals IoT-Based Bee Swarm Activity Acoustic Classification Using Deep Neural Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 676
Author(s):  
Andrej Zgank
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
Markov Models ◽  
Audio Signal ◽  
Audio Signals ◽  
Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients ◽  
Animal Activity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Acoustic Classification ◽  
Swarm Activity

Animal activity acoustic monitoring is becoming one of the necessary tools in agriculture, including beekeeping. It can assist in the control of beehives in remote locations. It is possible to classify bee swarm activity from audio signals using such approaches. A deep neural networks IoT-based acoustic swarm classification is proposed in this paper. Audio recordings were obtained from the Open Source Beehive project. Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients features were extracted from the audio signal. The lossless WAV and lossy MP3 audio formats were compared for IoT-based solutions. An analysis was made of the impact of the deep neural network parameters on the classification results. The best overall classification accuracy with uncompressed audio was 94.09%, but MP3 compression degraded the DNN accuracy by over 10%. The evaluation of the proposed deep neural networks IoT-based bee activity acoustic classification showed improved results if compared to the previous hidden Markov models system.

scholarly journals Stochastic Restoration of Heavily Compressed Musical Audio Using Generative Adversarial Networks

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1349
Author(s):  
Stefan Lattner ◽  
Javier Nistal
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Audio Signal ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Generative Adversarial Networks ◽  
Audio Signals ◽  
Generative Adversarial Network ◽  
Adversarial Network ◽  
Extensive Evaluation ◽  
Listening Tests ◽  
Musical Audio

Lossy audio codecs compress (and decompress) digital audio streams by removing information that tends to be inaudible in human perception. Under high compression rates, such codecs may introduce a variety of impairments in the audio signal. Many works have tackled the problem of audio enhancement and compression artifact removal using deep-learning techniques. However, only a few works tackle the restoration of heavily compressed audio signals in the musical domain. In such a scenario, there is no unique solution for the restoration of the original signal. Therefore, in this study, we test a stochastic generator of a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) architecture for this task. Such a stochastic generator, conditioned on highly compressed musical audio signals, could one day generate outputs indistinguishable from high-quality releases. Therefore, the present study may yield insights into more efficient musical data storage and transmission. We train stochastic and deterministic generators on MP3-compressed audio signals with 16, 32, and 64 kbit/s. We perform an extensive evaluation of the different experiments utilizing objective metrics and listening tests. We find that the models can improve the quality of the audio signals over the MP3 versions for 16 and 32 kbit/s and that the stochastic generators are capable of generating outputs that are closer to the original signals than those of the deterministic generators.

The Direct and Indirect Costs of Treating the Victims of the 2016 Nice Terror Attacks in a Single Pediatric Hospital

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Federico Solla ◽  
Eytan Ellenberg ◽  
Virginie Rampal ◽  
Julien Margaine ◽  
Charles Musoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Pediatric Hospital ◽  
Terror Attack ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
Terror Attacks ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
Annual Budget ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Objective: To analyze the cost of the terror attack in Nice in a single pediatric institution. Methods: We carried out descriptive analyses of the data coming from the Lenval University Children’s Hospital of Nice database after the July 14, 2016 terror attack. The medical cost for each patient was estimated from the invoice that the hospital sent to public insurance. The indirect costs were calculated from the hospital’s accounting, as the items that were previously absent or the difference between costs in 2016 versus the previous year. Results: The costs total 1.56 million USD, corresponding to 2% of Lenval Hospital’s 2016 annual budget. Direct medical costs represented 9% of the total cost. The indirect costs were related to human resources (overtime, sick leave), revenue shortfall, and security and psychiatric reinforcement. Conclusion: Indirect costs had a greater impact than did direct medical costs. Examining the level and variety of direct and indirect costs will lead to a better understanding of the consequences of terror acts and to improved preparation for future attacks.

scholarly journals The cost-effectiveness of an energy storage system using hydrogen and underground gas storage

2019 ◽  
Vol 137 ◽  
pp. 01007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Lepszy
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Energy Market ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Random Nature

Due to the random nature of the production, the use of renewable energy sources requires the use of technologies that allow adjustment of electricity production to demand. One of the ways that enable this task is the use of energy storage systems. The article focuses on the analysis of the cost-effectiveness of energy storage from the grid. In particular, the technology was evaluated using underground hydrogen storage generated in electrolysers. Economic analyzes use historical data from the Polish energy market. The obtained results illustrate, among other things, the proportions between the main technology modules selected optimally in technical and economic terms.

scholarly journals Optimization of Network Carbon Capture and Storage System (CCS) Using Mathematical Approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
David Licindo ◽  
Arinne Christin Paramudita ◽  
Renanto Handogo ◽  
Juwari Purwo Sutikno
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Carbon Capture And Storage ◽  
Exact Result ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Mathematical Approach ◽  
Source To Sink ◽  
Storage Location ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Storage

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is one of the technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) tocapture of CO2 from the flue gas of a power plant that typically use coal as a Source of energy and then store it ina suitable geological storage (in specific locations). In practice, these sites may not be readily available forstorage at the same time that the Sources (GHG producing) are operating which gives rise to multi – periodplanning problems. This study presents a mathematical approach by considering constraints limit flowratereceived by Sink, various time availability of Sink and Source and calculation with the purpose to determine theminimum cost network which is getting the maximum load that is exchanged from Source to Sink. Illustrativecase studies are given to demonstrate the application of mathematical models to obtained with the exact result ofthe exchange network from Source to Sink. Derived from network obtained from the calculation of theMaximum Load Source to Sink and results may vary in accordance with the limitations that exist in themathematical model. The case study has been prepared with 2 cases, first 6 Source and 3 Sink with value ofSource Load is greater than the amount available on the Sink. Also, second case is 2 Source and 5 Sinkwithvalue of Source Load is smaller than the amount available on the Sink. In addition, Case Studies tominimize the cost of pipeline construction and distribution of CO2 by plant and storage location determination inJava. Flowrate restriction factor that goes into Sink, Source and Sink establishment time and cost are taken intoaccount can affect the networks that can be exchanged from the Source to the Sink.

scholarly journals Why Do Some Firms Spend So Much on Medical Care? Accounting for Variation

2000 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Eichner ◽  
Mark McClellan ◽  
David A. Wise
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Cost ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Consistent Method ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Differences ◽  
Average Expenditure

We are engaged in a long-term project to analyze the determinants of health care cost differences across firms. An important first step is to summarize the nature of expenditure differences across plans. The goal of this article is to develop methods for identifying and quantifying those factors that account for the wide differences in health care expenditures observed across plans.We consider eight plans that vary in average expenditure for individuals filing claims, from a low of $1,645 to a high of $2,484. We present a statistically consistent method for decomposing the cost differences across plans into component parts based on demographic characteristics of plan participants, the mix of diagnoses for which participants are treated, and the cost of treatment for particular diagnoses. The goal is to quantify the contribution of each of these components to the difference between average cost and the cost in a given firm. The demographic mix of plan enrollees accounts for wide differnces in cost ($649). Perhaps the most noticeable feature of the results is that, after adjusting for demographic mix, the difference in expenditures accounted for by the treatment costs given diagnosis ($807) is almost as wide as the unadjusted range in expenditures ($838). Differences in cost due to the different illnesses that are treated, after adjusting for demographic mix, also accounts for large differences in cost ($626). These components of cost do not move together; for example, demographic mix may decrease expenditure under a particular plan while the diagnosis mix may increase costs.Our hope is that understanding the reasons for cost differences across plans will direct more focused attention to controlling costs. Indeed, this work is intended as an important first step toward that goal.

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