scholarly journals FruiTemp: Design, Implementation and Analysis for an Open-Source Temperature Logger Applied to Fruit Fly Host Experimentation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 6003
Author(s):  
Evmorfia P. Bataka ◽  
Vasilis G. Rodovitis ◽  
Kostas D. Zarpas ◽  
Nikos T. Papadopoulos ◽  
Christos T. Nakas
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Variable Temperature ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Reliable Data ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Harsh Environment ◽  
Temperature Logger ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
The Core ◽  
Channel Temperature

FruiTemp is an open-source prototype developed to study the response of endophytic insect species such as fruit flies (Diptera: Tephrtidae) to variable temperature conditions including the controlled laboratory and fluctuating field settings. The system is a three-channel temperature sensor that consists of two precision thermistors that measure the temperature in the core and the surface of a fruit on a tree and a Harsh Environment thermistor that measures the air temperature surrounding the host at a rate of one measurement per 15 min. The sample rate can be adjusted according to the researcher’s needs. The system was successfully tested in field and laboratory experimental conditions using apples as the fruit model. The measurements on apples on trees lasted five consecutive days and produced a range of reliable data. After assessing statistical agreement and precision, the results revealed a differential bias of 0.331 °C and a proportional bias of a magnitude of 0.982. This work promotes open-source implementations allowing inexpensive solutions aiding experimentation procedures by significantly lowering operating costs.

Commodity Heating Medium and Mexican Fruit Fly Mortality

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 533e-533
Author(s):  
Krista C. Shellie
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Variable Temperature ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Bath ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Mexican Fruit Fly ◽  
Temperature Water ◽  
Heating Medium

The objective of this research was to investigate whether the medium used to transfer heat to a commodity influenced the mortality of Mexican fruit fly larvae. A similar 2-h heat dose was delivered to grapefruit via immersion in a variable temperature water bath or via exposure to a rapidly circulating gas. The concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide inside the grapefruit was analyzed at 30-min intervals and grapefruit center temperatures recorded every 60 s during heating. The mortality of larvae located inside grapefruit during heating in a controlled atmosphere or in hot water was significantly higher than that of larvae located inside grapefruit heated in air. The internal atmosphere of grapefruit heated in a controlled atmosphere or in hot water contained significantly higher levels of carbon dioxide and lower levels of oxygen than grapefruit heated in air. Larval mortality was compared after larvae were heated in media by rapidly circulating air or by an atmosphere containing 4 kPa of oxygen and 18 kPa of carbon dioxide to evaluate whether the altered atmosphere or a heat-induced fruit metabolite was responsible for enhanced mortality. The significantly higher mortality of larvae heated in media in the presence of an altered atmosphere suggested that the altered atmosphere enhanced larval mortality. Results from this research suggest that reducing oxygen and or increasing the level of carbon dioxide during heating can enhance mortality of the Mexican fruit fly and potentially reduce the heat dose required for quarantine security.

scholarly journals Inferring Modes of Colonization for Pest Species Using Heterozygosity Comparisons and a Shared-Allele Test

Genetics ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 163 (2) ◽  
pp. 823-831
Author(s):  
J A Sved ◽  
H Yu ◽  
B Dominiak ◽  
A S Gilchrist
Keyword(s):  
Distance Measure ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Resampling Methods ◽  
Shared Allele ◽  
The Core ◽  
Direct Sampling ◽  
Long Distance Movement

Abstract Long-range dispersal of a species may involve either a single long-distance movement from a core population or spreading via unobserved intermediate populations. Where the new populations originate as small propagules, genetic drift may be extreme and gene frequency or assignment methods may not prove useful in determining the relation between the core population and outbreak samples. We describe computationally simple resampling methods for use in this situation to distinguish between the different modes of dispersal. First, estimates of heterozygosity can be used to test for direct sampling from the core population and to estimate the effective size of intermediate populations. Second, a test of sharing of alleles, particularly rare alleles, can show whether outbreaks are related to each other rather than arriving as independent samples from the core population. The shared-allele statistic also serves as a genetic distance measure that is appropriate for small samples. These methods were applied to data on a fruit fly pest species, Bactrocera tryoni, which is quarantined from some horticultural areas in Australia. We concluded that the outbreaks in the quarantine zone came from a heterogeneous set of genetically differentiated populations, possibly ones that overwinter in the vicinity of the quarantine zone.

Open source hardware for counting and measuring raindrops

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick van de Giesen ◽  
Rolf Hut ◽  
Dirk van der Lubbe - Sanjuan
Keyword(s):  
Signal Processing ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Operational Amplifier ◽  
Digital Converter ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
Piezoelectric Elements ◽  
Analogue To Digital ◽  
Open Source Hardware

<p>Over the past years, simple acoustic drop detectors have been developed for different objectives. The core of these detectors were standard piezoelectric elements. For some applications, such as simply counting drops, not much signal processing is needed. For other applications, however, such as measurement of drop energy, which would allow for estimation of drop sizes as well, careful signal processing is needed. For this purpose, we have developed a shield, or “Wing” that can be plugged into an Adafruit Feather (https://www.adafruit.com/feather), which we call DisdroWing. This board includes a high-end operational amplifier and a fast analogue to digital converter. With this board, the user can experiment and implement specific applications, such as rain/no rain detection, hail detection, or drop energy. The design of the DisdroWing is publicly available and can also be purchased fully assembled.</p>

VuFind

2013 ◽  
pp. 73-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demian Katz ◽  
Andrew Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Search Engine ◽  
Relational Database ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Similarity Analysis ◽  
The Core ◽  
Front End ◽  
Informative Case ◽  
Key Features

Apache Solr, an open source Java-based search engine, forms the core of many Library 2.0 products. The use of an index in place of a relational database allows faster data retrieval along with key features like faceting and similarity analysis that are not practical in the previous generation of library software. The popular VuFind discovery tool was built to provide a library-friendly front-end for Solr’s powerful searching capabilities, and its development provides an informative case study on the use of Solr in a library setting. VuFind is just one of many library packages using Solr, and examples like Blacklight, Summon, and the eXtensible Catalog project show other possible approaches to its use.

The Heron Fan: Concept Description and Preliminary Aerothermodynamic Analysis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Finn Schöning ◽  
Dragan Kozulovic
Keyword(s):  
Axial Compressor ◽  
Internal Flow ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Radial Compression ◽  
The Core ◽  
Blade Tip ◽  
Fan Blade ◽  
Influential Parameters ◽  
Lower Production ◽  
Critical Aspects

The Heron Fan is a new concept of a fuel powered jet engine that does not utilize a conventional core engine. The fan, a single axial compressor of high diameter, creates thrust, similar to a turbofan. Its blades are hollow with inner channels to transport the core air from the hub to the tip, inducing radial compression. The combustion chamber is located in the casing region, either integrated in the blades or in an external ring. After burning, the core air is returned to the blades and is blown out through an expansion device with a large component in circumferential direction. This propels the fan in the opposite direction. The expansion device may be realized by nozzles integrated in the blade trailing edge or by turbine stages integrated in the blade tip region. Subsequently, the core air mixes with the bypass air, which passes the fan axially, and ejects through the main nozzle, producing thrust. To achieve higher compression ratios, it is possible to install core air compressor stages ahead of the fan. The main purpose of this concept is to reduce weight and complexity of the engine, leading to lower production and operating costs. This is achieved by simplifying the engine architecture, integrating the functions and shortening some of the components. In particular, the core engine has been rearranged, thus eliminating the second and in some cases the third shaft. Further, the complete expansion and parts of the compression have been integrated in the fan blade. To assess the aero-thermodynamic parameters, a preliminary cycle analysis has been done, where the most influential parameters were varied. The results show, that the above listed benefits can be achieved while maintaining an efficiency comparable to conventional turbofans. Further, a feasibility study in terms of geometry, internal flow, component implementation and installation has been done, in order to qualify the concept and to identify the most critical aspects. To incorporate the corresponding thoughts and results, as well as to find and eliminate conceptual conflicts and opposing trends, a CAD model has been generated. Overall, the results are sound and encouraging, hence justifying future investigations. However, the Heron Fan concept also brings structural, thermal and aerodynamic challenges which are illustrated and briefly discussed, but still need detailed investigation.

The ecology of a natural population of Queensland fruit fly, Dacus tryoni II. The distribution of eggs and its relation to behaviour

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 293 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Uniform Dispersion ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Egg Limitation

The oviposition of Queensland fruit fly is described and the distribution of eggs within and between fruits is analysed. Olfactory and visual cues direct females to fruit. A brief exploratory phase then follows after which the female applies the ventral surface of her head to areas of fruit surface and then moves forward to probe these same areas with her ovipositor. The female lays her eggs into the fruit either after piercing the cuticle with her ovipositor or through existing holes such as previous oviposition holes or holes made by codling moth larvae. As many as 70% of the eggs laid into hard, shiny fruits were laid into existing holes, but in softer fruits with protuberances over the surface less than 20% were laid in this way. The difference is related to a backward component in the push by the ovipositor, leading to difficulty in piercing hard, smooth unbroken skin. Ovipositions are further grouped on single fruits owing to the favourability of certain areas in relation to such physical factors as wind and illumination. In the laboratory it was not possible under any circumstances to achieve a uniform dispersion of ovipositions when a succession of single females was given the choice of a number of oviposition sites. Contagious distributions were the rule, although randomness of oviposition was exhibited in certain experimental designs. In the field, under natural and experimental conditions, oviposition holes were generally contagiously distributed between fruit. The data offer no support to the hypothesis that oviposition by D. tryoni is affected, in a limiting way, by previous acts of oviposition by other females. An alternative hypothesis for egg limitation at high density, based on aggressive interactions between females on fruit, is suggested.

scholarly journals Boundary conditions and vortex wandering

2014 ◽  
Vol 747 ◽  
pp. 350-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Jammy ◽  
Nick Hills ◽  
David M. Birch
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Reynolds Stresses ◽  
Computational Simulations ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
The Core ◽  
Velocity Statistics ◽  
Local Extrema ◽  
Vortex Centre ◽  
Decaying Turbulence

AbstractA direct numerical simulation of a Batchelor vortex has been carried out in the presence of freely decaying turbulence, using both periodic and symmetric boundary conditions; the latter most closely approximates typical experimental conditions, while the former is often used in computational simulations for numerical convenience. The higher-order velocity statistics were shown to be strongly dependent upon the boundary conditions, but the dependence could be mostly eliminated by correcting for the random, Gaussian modulation of the vortex trajectory, commonly referred to as ‘wandering’, using a technique often employed in the analysis of experimental data. Once this wandering had been corrected for, the strong peaks in the Reynolds stresses normally observed at the vortex centre were replaced by smaller local extrema located within the core region but away from the centre. The distributions of the corrected Reynolds stresses suggest that the formation and organization of secondary structures within the core is the main mechanism in turbulent production during the linear growth phase of vortex development.

scholarly journals Autophagy: molecular machinery, regulation, and implications for renal pathophysiology

2009 ◽  
Vol 297 (2) ◽  
pp. F244-F256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudharsan Periyasamy-Thandavan ◽  
Man Jiang ◽  
Patricia Schoenlein ◽  
Zheng Dong
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Nutrient Deprivation ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Induce Cell Death ◽  
The Core ◽  
Molecular Machinery ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
And Function

Autophagy is a cellular process of “self-eating.” During autophagy, a portion of cytoplasm is enveloped in double membrane-bound structures called autophagosomes, which undergo maturation and fusion with lysosomes for degradation. At the core of the molecular machinery of autophagy is a specific family of genes or proteins called Atg. Originally identified in yeast, Atg orthologs are now being discovered in mammalian cells and have been shown to play critical roles in autophagy. Traditionally, autophagy is recognized as a cellular response to nutrient deprivation or starvation whereby cells digest cytoplasmic organelles and macromolecules to recycle nutrients for self-support. However, studies during the last few years have indicated that autophagy is a general cellular response to stress. Interestingly, depending on experimental conditions, especially stress levels, autophagy can directly induce cell death or act as a mechanism of cell survival. In this review, we discuss the molecular machinery, regulation, and function of autophagy. In addition, we analyze the recent findings of autophagy in renal systems and its possible role in renal pathophysiology.

scholarly journals Private production of a public good in the information age

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 111-123
Author(s):  
Peter Zweifel ◽  
Xian XU
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Information Age ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
The Core ◽  
Good Deed ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Type

The objective of this contribution is to model the behaviour of IT specialists who engage in open source activity while on the job thus privately provide a public good. Both the regular and the social types are assumed to be interested in income and leisure; however, for the social types effective leisure is enhanced by the number of external users, which enhances their intrinsic motivation because the ‘good deed’ can be made known to millions worldwide. The core finding is that contrary to the regular ones, social type may defy the threat of the employer (higher probability of detection, size of the sanction if detected) by engaging in more rather than less open source work, provided the number of external user is high enough. This finding suggests that the information age may facilitate the private production of a public good. The originality of this contribution lies in the prediction that certain type of workers may act against contractual incentives – a rare event in economics.

scholarly journals The electronic McPhail trap

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilyas Potamitis ◽  
Iraklis Rigakis
Keyword(s):  
Hardware Implementation ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Automatic Monitoring ◽  
Olive Fruit Fly ◽  
Wing Beat ◽  
The Core ◽  
Insect Trap ◽  
Insect Infestations ◽  
Mcphail Trap ◽  
Monitoring Traps

Certain insects affect cultivations in a detrimental way. A notable case is the Olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae) that in Europe alone causes billions of euros crop loss per year. Pests can be controlled with aerial and ground bait pesticide sprays, the efficiency of which depends on knowing the time and location of insect infestations as early as possible. The inspection of traps is currently carried out manually. Automatic monitoring traps can enhance efficient monitoring of flying pests by identifying and counting targeted pests as they enter the trap. This work deals with the hardware setup of an insect trap with an embedded opto-electronic sensor that automatically records insects as they fly in the trap. The sensors responsible for detecting the insect is an array of phototransistors receiving light from an infrared LED. The wing-beat recording is based on the interruption of the emitted light due to the partial occlusion from insect’s wings. We show that the recording are of high quality paving the way for automatic recognition and transmission of insect detections from the field to a smartphone. This work emphasizes the hardware implementation of the core sensor giving all necessary implementation details needed to construct it.

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