scholarly journals Exploring the Role of Distraction in Weak Flow-Performance Link Based on VR Searching Tasks

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 5799
Author(s):  
Weiying Liu ◽  
Haoxiang Hu ◽  
Chao Zhou ◽  
Yulong Bian ◽  
Juan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Weak Link ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Flow Experience ◽  
Irrelevant Distractors ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Task Oriented ◽  
Positive Effect

The weak association between flow experience and task performance (also known as weak flow-performance link) can reduce the positive effect of virtual reality (VR) applications. Distraction caused by incongruence between the primary task and interactive artifacts may be a direct factor leading to the weak link, but it has still not been tested. To empirically test this assumption and explore approaches to alleviate it, we developed the ‘VR searching paradigm’ and a prototype VR system, based on which three comparative experiments were conducted. Study 1 tested the effect of distraction and proved that high levels of distraction caused by incongruence can lead to the weak link (β =0.198, p = 0.391). Next, two common design guidelines were proposed to deal with distraction. Study 2 tested the effect of reducing conspicuous but task-irrelevant distractors (guideline 1) on flow-performance link. Study 3 tested the effect of providing visual cues (utilizing distractors to achieve task-oriented selective attention), which is guideline 2, on flow-performance link. The results of studies 2 and 3 revealed that both guidelines helped enhance the task performance without damaging flow experience, alleviating the weak link problem (β = 0.351, p = 0.031; β = 0.255, p = 0.041). Our results provide the first piece of evidence that directly proves the effect of distraction on weak flow-performance link, which helps improve the explanation of the mechanism. Moreover, this paper is the first that proves the effectiveness of two easy approaches to alleviating the weak link by way of guiding the user’s task-relevant attention.

The Role of Information Technology in Learning

2005 ◽  
pp. 14-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klarissa T.T. Chang ◽  
John Lim
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Knowledge Retention ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Course Characteristics ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Role Of Information

This study provides an updated meta-analysis on the effects of information technology (IT) in education. Sixty-eight experimental studies conducted on the application of IT in the classrooms were integrated and analyzed. Positive effect sizes were found for learning outcomes, including academic achievement, knowledge retention, task performance, self-reported learning, and self-efficacy. Further analysis revealed the primary effects to be significantly moderated by several factors, categorized under learner and course characteristics. These findings have important implications for both research and practice.

Global Culture and Computer Mediated Communication

2011 ◽  
pp. 901-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan R. Fussell ◽  
Qiping Zhang ◽  
Leslie D. Setlock
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Computer Mediated Communication ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Global Culture ◽  
Moderating Variables ◽  
Computer Mediated ◽  
Task Oriented

In this chapter, we discuss how culture influences computer mediated communication (CMC). We use an Input-Process-Output (I-P-O) model as a theoretical framework to analyze relationships between culture and CMC. We describe three dimensions of cultural variability—individualism/collectivism, low vs. high context of communication, and task- vs. relationship-orientation—and describe how these dimensions influence people’s reliance on features of CMC. A review of the literature to date suggests that cultural factors do indeed shape how people use CMC. More specifically, auditory and visual cues appear to have more importance for members of collectivistic, high-context, relationship-oriented cultures than they do for members of individualistic, low-context, task-oriented cultures. However, further research is needed to clarify relationships between cultural dimensions and CMC, to understand the role of moderating variables such as gender of participants, task, and group composition, and to provide design guidelines for new tools to support intercultural communication and CMC in developing regions.

Automatic Attention Capture by Threatening, But Not by Semantically Incongruent Natural Scene Images

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 4158-4168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Furtak ◽  
Łucja Doradzińska ◽  
Alina Ptashynska ◽  
Liad Mudrik ◽  
Anna Nowicka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Capture ◽  
Visual Objects ◽  
Probe Task ◽  
Irrelevant Distractors ◽  
Low Probability ◽  
Automatic Attention ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Automatic Capture ◽  
Primary Measure

Abstract Visual objects are typically perceived as parts of an entire visual scene, and the scene’s context provides information crucial in the object recognition process. Fundamental insights into the mechanisms of context-object integration have come from research on semantically incongruent objects, which are defined as objects with a very low probability of occurring in a given context. However, the role of attention in processing of the context-object mismatch remains unclear, with some studies providing evidence in favor, but other against an automatic capture of attention by incongruent objects. Therefore, in the present study, 25 subjects completed a dot-probe task, in which pairs of scenes—congruent and incongruent or neutral and threatening—were presented as task-irrelevant distractors. Importantly, threatening scenes are known to robustly capture attention and thus were included in the present study to provide a context for interpretation of results regarding incongruent scenes. Using N2 posterior-contralateral ERP component as a primary measure, we revealed that threatening images indeed capture attention automatically and rapidly, but semantically incongruent scenes do not benefit from an automatic attentional selection. Thus, our results suggest that identification of the context-object mismatch is not preattentive.

Global Culture and Computer Mediated Communication

2009 ◽  
pp. 1801-1816
Author(s):  
Susan R. Fussell ◽  
Qiping Zhang ◽  
Leslie D. Setlock
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Computer Mediated Communication ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Global Culture ◽  
Moderating Variables ◽  
Computer Mediated ◽  
Task Oriented

In this chapter, we discuss how culture influences computer mediated communication (CMC). We use an Input-Process-Output (I-P-O) model as a theoretical framework to analyze relationships between culture and CMC. We describe three dimensions of cultural variability—individualism/ collectivism, low vs. high context of communication, and task- vs. relationship-orientation—and describe how these dimensions influence people’s reliance on features of CMC. A review of the literature to date suggests that cultural factors do indeed shape how people use CMC. More specifically, auditory and visual cues appear to have more importance for members of collectivistic, high-context, relationship-oriented cultures than they do for members of individualistic, lowcontext, task-oriented cultures. However, further research is needed to clarify relationships between cultural dimensions and CMC, to understand the role of moderating variables such as gender of participants, task, and group composition, and to provide design guidelines for new tools to support intercultural communication and CMC in developing regions.

scholarly journals Multimodal Interaction of Contextual and Non-Contextual Sound and Haptics in Virtual Simulations

Informatics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Melaisi ◽  
David Rojas ◽  
Bill Kapralos ◽  
Alvaro Uribe-Quevedo ◽  
Karen Collins
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Multimodal Interaction ◽  
Haptic Devices ◽  
Spatial Properties ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Virtual Simulations ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Sense Of Touch

Touch plays a fundamental role in our daily interactions, allowing us to interact with and perceive objects and their spatial properties. Despite its importance in the real-world, touch is often ignored in virtual environments. However, accurately simulating the sense of touch is difficult, requiring the use of high-fidelity haptic devices that are cost-prohibitive. Lower fidelity consumer-level haptic devices are becoming more widespread, yet are generally limited in perceived fidelity and the range of motion (degrees of freedom) required to realistically simulate many tasks. Studies into sound and vision suggest that the presence or absence of sound can influence task performance. Here, we explore whether the presence or absence of contextually relevant sound cues influences the performance of a simple haptic drilling task. Although the results of this study do not show any statistically significant difference in task performance with general (task-irrelevant) sound, we discuss how this is a necessary step in understanding the role of sound on haptic perception.

scholarly journals Context dependent differences in working memory related brain activity in heavy cannabis users

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emese Kroon ◽  
Lauren Kuhns ◽  
Janna Cousijn
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Irrelevant Distractors ◽  
Multiple Regions ◽  
Cannabis Use Disorders ◽  
Task Irrelevant

Abstract Rationale Compromised cognitive control in cannabis use–tempting situations is thought to play a key role in the development of cannabis use disorders. However, little is known about how exposure to cannabis cues and contexts may influence cognitive control and the underlying neural mechanisms in cannabis users. Objectives Working memory (WM) is an attention reliant executive function central to cognitive control. In this study, we investigated how distracting cannabis words affected WM load–dependent performance and related brain activity in near-daily cannabis users (N = 36) relative to controls (N = 33). Methods Brain activity was recorded during a novel N-back flanker WM task with neutral and cannabis flankers added as task-irrelevant distractors. Results On a behavioural level, WM performance did not differ between groups, and the presence of cannabis flankers did not affect performance. However, in cannabis users compared to controls, the presence of cannabis flankers reduced WM load–related activity in multiple regions, including the insula, thalamus, superior parietal lobe and supramarginal gyrus. Conclusions The group specificity of these effects suggest that cannabis users might differ from controls in the way they process cannabis-related cues and that cannabis cue exposure could interfere with other cognitive processes under cognitively demanding circumstances. Future studies should focus on the role of context in cognitive control–related processes like WM and attention to further elucidate potential cognitive impairments in heavy cannabis users and how these relate to loss of control over drug seeking itself.

Potential Uses of Vinegar as a Medicine and Related in vivo Mechanisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 86 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 127-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeshan Ali ◽  
Zhenbin Wang ◽  
Rai Muhammad Amir ◽  
Shoaib Younas ◽  
Asif Wali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Positive Effect

While the use of vinegar to fi ght against infections and other crucial conditions dates back to Hippocrates, recent research has found that vinegar consumption has a positive effect on biomarkers for diabetes, cancer, and heart diseases. Different types of vinegar have been used in the world during different time periods. Vinegar is produced by a fermentation process. Foods with a high content of carbohydrates are a good source of vinegar. Review of the results of different studies performed on vinegar components reveals that the daily use of these components has a healthy impact on the physiological and chemical structure of the human body. During the era of Hippocrates, people used vinegar as a medicine to treat wounds, which means that vinegar is one of the ancient foods used as folk medicine. The purpose of the current review paper is to provide a detailed summary of the outcome of previous studies emphasizing the role of vinegar in treatment of different diseases both in acute and chronic conditions, its in vivo mechanism and the active role of different bacteria.

The Relationship of Interrogative Suggestibility to Memory and Attention

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.C. Howard ◽  
A. Chaiwutikornwanich
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Short Story ◽  
Oddball Paradigm ◽  
Memory Processes ◽  
Memory And Attention ◽  
Irrelevant Distractors ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Visual Oddball Paradigm ◽  
Interrogative Suggestibility ◽  
Task Irrelevant

This study combined an individual differences approach to interrogative suggestibility (IS) with ERP recordings to examine two alternative hypotheses regarding the source of individual differences in IS: (1) differences in attention to task-relevant vis-à-vis task-irrelevant stimuli, and (2) differences in one or more memory processes, indexed by ERP old/new effects. Sixty-five female participants underwent an ERP recording during the 50 min interval between immediate and delayed recall of a short story. ERPs elicited by pictures that either related to the story (“old”), or did not relate to the story (“new”), were recorded using a three-stimulus visual oddball paradigm. ERP old/new effects were examined at selected scalp regions of interest at three post-stimulus intervals: early (250-350 ms), middle (350-700 ms), and late (700-1100 ms). In addition, attention-related ERP components (N1, P2, N2, and P3) evoked by story-relevant pictures, story-irrelevant pictures, and irrelevant distractors were measured from midline electrodes. Late (700-1100 ms) frontal ERP old/new differences reflected individual differences in IS, while early (250-350 ms) and middle latency (350-700 ms) ERP old/new differences distinguished good from poor performers in memory and oddball tasks, respectively. Differences in IS were not reflected in ERP indices of attention. Results supported an account of IS as reflecting individual differences in postretrieval memory processes.

Response Interference as a Mechanism Underlying Implicit Measures

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 218-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertram Gawronski ◽  
Roland Deutsch ◽  
Etienne P. LeBel ◽  
Kurt R. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Mediation Model ◽  
Response Interference ◽  
Relevant Evidence ◽  
Moderated Mediation Model ◽  
Stimulus Features ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Over the last decade, implicit measures of mental associations (e.g., Implicit Association Test, sequential priming) have become increasingly popular in many areas of psychological research. Even though successful applications provide preliminary support for the validity of these measures, their underlying mechanisms are still controversial. The present article addresses the role of a particular mechanism that is hypothesized to mediate the influence of activated associations on task performance in many implicit measures: response interference (RI). Based on a review of relevant evidence, we argue that RI effects in implicit measures depend on participants’ attention to association-relevant stimulus features, which in turn can influence the reliability and the construct validity of these measures. Drawing on a moderated-mediation model (MMM) of task performance in RI paradigms, we provide several suggestions on how to address these problems in research using implicit measures.

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